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2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
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Technology |
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| - YouTube - the online video sharing and viewing community - was invented in 2005 by Steve Chen, Chad Hurley and Jawed Karim. YouTube was named Time Magazines Invention of the year in 2006. |
- Bugatti Veyron
- Top Sat
- One laptop per child
- The Water cube
- E-book readers
- HP memory spot
- Nintendo WII
- Hurriquake nail
- Custom grown bladders
- Celestron skyscout personal planetarium
- Bosch Litium Pocket Driver
- Gearwrench X-beam combination raqueting wrench
- Jeep Wrangler unlimited four door
- Venus Express prefab spaceship
- Hydro Ormen Lange pipeline
- Herman Miller Leaf Lamp
- US national whitewater center fake river
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- The iPhone
- TX Active: Smog-Eating Cement
- Bionic Lens
- New Active Contact
- Flying Windmills - Wind Turbines
- Agroplast - Plastic Made from Pig Urine
- Sony's Sugar Battery
- Camera Pill
- Lab-on-a-Chip
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2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
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Religion |
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2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
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Empires |
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2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
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Mediterranean |
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2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
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North Europe |
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2006 |
2007 |
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2009 |
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Middle East |
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- 2008 Israel-Hamas war 1,300 Palestinians |
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2006 |
2007 |
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2009 |
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East Asia |
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2006 |
2007 |
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2009 |
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Central Asia |
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2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
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The Americas |
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- May 31, 2005 After more than thirty years in suspense, the identity of Deep Throat, the contact for reporters Woodward and Bernstein in the uncovering of the Watergate scandal, is revealed when W. Mark Felt, the second in command at the CIA at the time, confirms that he was their contact.
- July 24, 2005 American cyclist Lance Armstrong wins his record 7th straight Tour de France.
- July 26, 2005 In the first Space Shuttle flight since the tragedy of 2003, Discovery goes into orbit on a mission that returns to earth safely on August 9.
- August 29, 2005 Hurricane Katrina strikes the Gulf Coast, inundating the city of New Orleans with water from Lake Pontchetrain when the levees that maintain the below sea level city break. Over one thousand three hundred people perish from Alabama to Louisiana in one of the worst natural disasters to strike the United States.
- October 26, 2005 The War of Terror continues. With elections in Iraq to confirm a new constitution vying with internal terrorism amid the U.S. military presence on October 15, eleven days later a statement from the Iranian President, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, calls for the destruction of Israel and condemns the peace process.
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- February 22, 2006 In a continuing shift of the retail industry to new platforms, the one billionth song is downloaded from the internet music store, Apple iTunes. This shift comes at the expense of many brick and mortar chains, including Tower Records.
- September 25, 2006 In New Orleans, the Louisiana Superdome reopens after repairs caused by Hurrican Katrina damage. The repairs included the largest reroofing project in U.S. history and took thirteen months following the destruction to the Gulf Coast region.
- October 17, 2006 The population of the United States reaches the milestone of three hundred million, taking only forty-two years to gain one hundred million people since the two hundredth million person was added in 1964. At the same time, a vibrant debate on immigration policy, particularly illegal immigration, ensues across the nation.
- November 7, 2006 In the mid-term elections, both houses of Congress change back to Democratic hands for the first time since 1994. This is seen as a referendum by many on the Iraq policy of the Bush administration as well as personal Republican scandals among some House and Senate members.
- December 1, 2006 United States manufacturing capacity and esteem wanes, signalled by the sale of the last shares of his General Motors stock by U.S. billionaire Kirk Kerkorian.
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- January 4, 2007 The first female speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, Representative Nancy Pelosi of San Francisco, California, is sworn into office.
- January 10, 2007 President George W. Bush announces a troop surge of 21,500 for the war in Iraq to stem the violence at the request of new commander General Petreus. This controversial policy begins to show positive signs once fully implemented during the summer months, with a reduction in violent attacks against coalition forces and Iraqi civilians. Progress on the political front within the Iraqi national government, however, does not keep pace with positive developments on the military front.
- June 2, 2007 A terror plot to blow up JFK International Airport in New York City is thwarted when four terrorists are arrested and charged with its plan.
- July 4, 2007 The fifty star flag of the United States of America becomes the longest flying flag in history after flying over forty-seven years.
- December 13, 2007 The Mitchell Report on the Steroids Scandal in baseball is published. It recounted a year long investigation into the use and abuse of performance enhancing drugs over a two decade period, including steroids and human growth hormone. Nearly ninety players were named, and blame for the scandal was spread among players, the union, and the commissioner's office. Headed by former Senator George Mitchell, the report urged enhanced testing to stem the problem and a look forward attitude to restore the integrity of the game and its statistics. The report comes after a season when Barry Bonds broke the home run record of Hank Aaron amid suspicion of steroid use.
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- July 1, 2008 A report by the U.S. embassy in Iraq states that 15 of the 18 goals set for the Iraqi govermnent have been met, largely due to the surge implemented over the last year. The increase of 21,000 United States troops, commonly known as the surge, reduced violence and restored order to the nation, allowing the government of Iraq to focus more on solving other problems needed to establish a stable nation.
- August 17, 2008 Michael Phelps, the United States swimmer from Baltimore, wins his 8th Gold Medal of the Beijing Summer Olympic Games, surpassing the record of seven won by Mark Spitz.
- August 29, 2008 John McCain chooses Sarah Palin, 1st term Governor of Alaska, as his running mate, making the contest between Barack Obama and himself, the first time a presidential election included both an African-American candidate and a woman amongst the Presidential and Vice Presidential nominees for president among the Democratic and Republican tickets.
- October 3, 2008 The United States Congress passes legislation, signed by President Bush, for a $700 billion bailout, the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act, giving the Treasury Department authority to assist distressed Wall Street and banking businesses of the United States due to the housing, banking, and subprime mortgage crises caused by excessive greed and speculation among Wall Street firms. This economic distress, coupled with oil prices above $140 per barrel during the summer, deepened the world economic crises that had been brewing all year. The bailout was supported by current President George W. Bush and both presidential candidates, Barack Obama and John McCain.
- November 4, 2008 Barack Obama, Democratic Senator from Illinois, the land of Abraham Lincoln, wins a landslide margin in the Electoral College, 365 to 173 in the election for the 44th President of the USA over John McCain, making him the first African-American president in the history of the United States of America. |
- January 20, 2009 Barack Obama takes the oath of office for President of the United States, becoming the first African-American president in the history of the nation. The Democratic Senator from Illinois comes into the office on a message of Change. The city of Washington, D.C. hosts more than one million visitors to the inauguration, covering the National Mall in a way reminiscent of the Civil Rights March of Martin Luther King forty-six years earlier.
- April 15, 2009 After a succession of big government spending projects beginning in the Bush administration and expanded under President Obama, 750 grass roots Tea Party protests spring up across the nation. More than one half million citizens concerned with increased deficits due to such actions such as the bailout of the banking industry, car industry, potential cap and trade legislation, and other administation projects that project a ten trillion dollar deficit over the next decade take part.
- June 1, 2009 The H1N1 virus, named the Swine Flu, is deemed a global pandemic by the World Health Organization. This is the first such designation since the Hong Kong flu in 1967-1968.
- October 31, 2009 The economic recession continues to deepen as jobless claims climb above 10.0%, reaching 10.2% with October's monthly figures. This occurs despite efforts by the Obama administration to ramp up massive government spending pushed by the $780 billion economic stimulus package passed earlier in the year.
- December 1, 2009 President Obama announces a surge of 30,000 additional troops to Afghanistan to stem increased efforts by the Taliban in the country. The surge, which was suggested by military officers, was not popular with the liberal base of the Democratic party which had put the President in power on a pledge to end both Middle Eastern wars. The war in Afghanistan, which started as a response to the terror attacks on 9/11/2001, and the war on terror in general, comes into focus again on December 25 when an airliner headed for Detroit is attacked by a Muslim extremist, 23-year-old Umar Farouk AbdulMutallab, who attempts to detonate a bomb, but fails. |
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2006 |
2007 |
2008 |
2009 |
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Africa |
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2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
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Technology |
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- AbioCor artificial heart invented by Abiomed - the Abiocor represents groundbreaking medical miniaturization technology. Nuvaring birth control invented by Organon.
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Artificial liver invented by Dr. Kenneth Matsumura and Alin Foundation.
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Fuel cell bike invented by Aprilia.
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Self-cleaning windows invented by PPG Industries.
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On October 23, 2001 Apple Computers publicly announced their portable music digital player the iPod, created under project codename Dulcimer.
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- Braille Glove invented by Ryan Patterson.
- Phone tooth invented by James Auger and Jimmy Loizeau.
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Nano-tex - nanotechnology wearable fabrics invented by Nano-tex LLC.
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Birth control patch invented by Ortho McNeil Pharmaceutical.
- Foveon Camera Chip invented by Richard Merrill.
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Date Rape Drug Spotter invented by Francisco Guerra.
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Solar Tower invented by Jorg Schlaich.
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Virtual keyboard invented by Canesta and VKB.
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ICOPOD invented by Sanford Ponder.
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Time Magazine Modern Inventions of the Year 2002 |
- Optical Camouflage System invented by Susumu Tachi, Masahiko Inami, and Naoki Kawakami
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Toyota's Hybrid Car
- Ice Bike invented by Dan Hanebrink
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New Toy Robots Max the robotic cat invented by Omron, LUCKY, THE ROVING ROBO-RAPTOR invented by Walt Disney Imagineering, and Sony builds Aibo a companion called Orio.
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New Fabrics, Salmon Skin Leather invented by Claudia Escobar and Skini, and Luminex a glowing fabric invented by Luminex.
- Java Log a log for your fireplace made from used coffee grinds and invented by Rod Sprules
- Infrared Fever Screening System used in public buildings to scan for people with a high temperature from a fever or sars invented by Singapore Technologies Electronics and the Singapore Defense Science and Technology Agency
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The No-Contact Jacket invented by Adam Whiton and Yolita Nugent, protects the wearer by electric shocking any attackers.
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- Adidas 1 the thinking shoes with a built in microprocessor that decides how soft or firm support the wearer needs. Chosen by Popular Science magazine as the best recreation invention of 2004.
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Translucent Concrete developed by Hungarian architect Aron Losonczi and called LitraCon and is based on a matrix of parallel optical glass fibers embedded into the concrete that can transmit light and color from the outside. However, this is not the only translucent concrete out there. Inventor Bill Price has been developing another variety.
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Ka-on or Flower Sound are plants that play music invented by the Japanese based Let's Corporation. Flowers bouquets will act as loudspeakers when placed in a special vase that has electronics hidden in the base.
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Intel Express Chipsets - Grantsdale and Alderwood are the code names of Intel's newest chips that will provide superior and inexpensive built-in sound and video capacities for the PC including the ability to do high definition video editing without additional computer cards.
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SonoPrep invented by bioengineer Robert Langer, is a device that will deliver medication by sound waves rather than injection. According to the Sontra Medical Corporation, SonoPrep's manufacturer: The small, battery-powered device applies low-frequency ultrasonic energy to the skin for 15 seconds. The ultrasound temporarily rearranges lipids in the skin, opening channels that let fluids be delivered or extracted. After about 24 hours, the skin returns to normal. |
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2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
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Religion |
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2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
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Empires |
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2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
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Mediterranean |
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2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
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North Europe |
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2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
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Middle East |
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| - 2000 - 03 Intifada II 700 Israelis and 2,000 Palestinians |
- 2001 - Afghanistan's liberation war - USA & UK vs Taliban 40,000 deaths
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- 2003 Second Iraq-USA war - USA, UK and Australia vs Saddam Hussein 14,000 deaths
- 2003 - Iraq's civil war 60,000 deaths |
- 2004 - Sudan vs SPLM & Eritrea deaths
- 2004 - Yemen vs Shiite Muslims deaths
- 2004 - Thailand vs Muslim separatists 3,700 deaths |
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2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
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East Asia |
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2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
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Central Asia |
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2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
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Americas |
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- April 3, 2000 The ruling in the case of the United States versus Microsoft states that the company did violate anti-trust laws by diminishing the capability of its rivals to compete.
- June 1, 2000 For the first time since 1851, the United States of America does not participate in a major World's Fair, the Hannover 2000 World Expo, despite a record number, 187, of international participants. President Bill Clinton had withdrawn U.S. participation late in 1999 after agreement to participate in 1997. Congressional apathy toward participation in world events continues a decline in U.S. involvement after the fall of the Soviet Union and victory in the Cold War. A consequence of this policy has led to a rise, among some experts, of anti-American sentiment, and a decline of U.S. influence in diplomatic affairs. Less than half, 18.1 million, of the original attendance estimate, 40 million, visit Hannover's event.
- November 7, 2000 George W. Bush, son of the former President, and Vice President Al Gore hold a virtual dead-heat for the presidency, with a disputed vote in Florida holding off the naming of the winner of the President Election until the Supreme Court of the United States voted in favor of Bush on December 12. This ruling gave Florida to the Bush camp by a 527 vote majority, and a victory in the Electoral College, 271-266, despite gaining less popular votes than Gore.
- November 7, 2000 Hillary Rodham Clinton wins a seat for the United States Senate from New York. It is the first time a former FIrst Lady wins public office.
- December 28, 2000 Montgomery Ward, the retail giant since its founding one hundred and twenty-eight years before, announces its intention to cease business. Competition from newer, low-cost retail behemoths such as Wal-Mart lead to its demise.
- The 2000 census enumerates a population of 281,421,906, increasing 13.2% since 1990. As regions, the South and West continued to pick up the majority of the increase in population, moving the geographic center of U.S. population to Phelps County, Missouri. |
- January 6, 2001 Certification of the Electoral College victory of the 2000 United States Presidential election in the U.S. Senate confirms George W. Bush as the victor, with Dick Cheney as his Vice-President.
- April 1, 2001 China-U.S. incident. An American spyplane collides with a fighter plane of China and makes an emergency landing in Hainan, China. The U.S. crew is detained for ten days.
- April 8, 2001 Tiger Woods becomes the first golfer to hold all four major golf titles simulteneously by winning the Master's tournament in Augusta, Georgia. This followed a remarkable run in 2000 when Woods claimed victory at the final three majors of that season; the U.S. Open, the British Open, and the PGA Championship.
- September 11, 2001 Islamic fundamentalist terrorists hijack four U.S. airliners and crash them into the Pentagon and the World Trade Center in New York City. The attack of two planes levels the World Trade Center and the crash of one plane inflicts serious damage to the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, causing nearly 3,000 deaths. The fourth plane is heroically crashed by passengers into a Shanksville, Pennsylvania cornfield when they learn of the plot, preventing destruction of another structure in Washington, D.C., supposed to be the White House or the Capitol building. The plot is attributed to the Al-Qaeda organization led by Osama Bin Laden.
- September 18, 2001 Anthrax attacks by mail from Princeton, New Jersey against news and government targets begin. Federal officials announce the first case on October 4.
- October 7, 2001 In response to the tragedy of September 11, the United States military, with participation from its ally the United Kingdom, commence the first attack in the War on Terrorism on the Taliban and Al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. By November 12, the Taliban government leaves the capital, Kabul.
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- February 8, 2002 Amid tight security due to terrorism concerns, the Winter Olympic Games are opened by President George W. Bush in Salt Lake City, Utah. They would continue without major incident until the closing ceremony on February 24.
- May 21, 2002 The United States State Department issues its report in the War on Terror. It states that there are seven nations that a State-Sponsors: Iran, Iraq, Cuba, Libya, North Korea, Sudan, and Syria.
- July 5, 2002 Continuing its pattern of the past several years, Iraq refuses new proposals from the United Nations concerning weapons inspections. The inspections were part of the cease-fire agreement and terms of surrender in the 1991 Gulf War. - - On September 12, U.S. President George Bush addresses the United Nations and warns the members that Iraq presents a grave danger to the world that they must confront, or that the United States and others will act unitarilly.
- October 2, 2002 the United States Congress passes a resolution giving the President of the U.S. the authority to use the military forces of the country as he thinks necessary.
- November 8, 2002 The United Nations passes Resolution 1441 in a unanimous Security Council vote. It forces Saddam Hussein and Iraq to disarm or face serious consequences.
- November 21, 2002 NATO invites additional members of the former Soviet bloc to join its membership. Seven nations are included in the invitation; Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia.
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- February 1, 2003 A tragedy at NASA occurs when the Space Shuttle Columbia explodes upon reentry over Texas. All seven astronauts inside are killed.
- March 19, 2003 The War in Iraq begins with the bombing of Baghdad after additional measures and mandates from the United Nations and the United States coalition fail to gain concessions or the removal of Saddam Hussein from power. The U.S. coalition, upon failure to extract authority from the U.N. for action due to the veto power of France, begin land operations one day later with participation from U.S., British, Australian, and Polish troops.
- April 9, 2003 The U.S. coalition siezes control of Baghdad in the Iraq conflict.
- July 2, 2003 The International Olympic Committee votes in Prague that the Winter Olympic Games are coming back to North America, selecting Vancouver, Canada as host of the XXI Olympic Games in 2010.
- December 13, 2003 Saddam Hussein, former leader of Iraq, is captured in a small bunker in Tikrit by the U.S. 4th Infantry Division.
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- February 3, 2004 The Central Intelligence Agency admits that the imminent threat from weapons of mass destruction was not present before the 2003 Iraq war began.
- March 2, 2004 Mars rover MER-B (Opportunity) confirms to NASA that the area of their landing was once covered in water.
- July 4, 2004 The groundbreaking ceremony for the Freedom Tower at Ground Zero, the former site of the World Trade Center complex destroyed during the September 11, 2001 attacks, occurs in New York City.
- November 2, 2004 President George W. Bush wins reelection over Democratic Senator John Kerry from Massachusetts. He wins 50.7% of the popular vote and 286 votes in the Electoral College.
- December 26, 2004 The southeast Asian tsunami occurs following a 9.3 Richter scale earthquake in the Indian Ocean. Two hundred and ninety thousand people die from Sri Lanka to Indonesia, creating one ot the greatest humanitarian tragedies in history. A worldwide relief effort, led by the United States and many other nations, is mobilized to assist.
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2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
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Africa |
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- 2002 - Cote d'Ivoire's civil war 1,000 deaths |
- 2003 - 09 Sudan vs JEM/Darfur 300,000 deaths |
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60's |
70's |
80's |
90's |
Innocence & Prosperity |
Social Revolution |
Party |
Macho |
Computer Revolution |
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Technology |
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- 1950 First Kidney transplant
- 1952 Britain's first atomic bomb
- 1953 Mount Everest climbed
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DNA unravelled
- 1954 Fortran developed
- First oral contraceptives
- 1955 Hovercraft
- 1956 Videotape
- 1957 Soviet Sputnik flight
- 1958 Silicon chip
- 1959 North Sea gas discovered
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Integrated circuits developed
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Antarctic treaty
- 1950 First Kidney transplant
- 1953 DNA unravelled
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Mount Everest climbed
- 1955 Hovercraft
- 1956 Videotape
- 1957 Soviet Sputnik flight
- 1958 Silicon chip
- 1959 North Sea gas discovered
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Integrated circuits developed |
- 1960 Lasers developed
- 1961 Yuri Gagarin becomes first man in space
- 1962 Communications Satellites
- 1963 Cassette tape recorder
- 1964 Word Processor
- 1965 Miniskirts
- 1967 Satellite navigation
- 1969 First man on the moon
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Concorde |
- 1970 Concorde
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Floppy disk
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Satellite navigation
- 1971 Decimalisation of currency
- 1972 Home video games
- 1973 Skylab
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Oil Shock
- 1975 Altair 8800 is the first personal computer
- 1978 First test tube baby
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First Apple computer |
- 1980 Smallpox officially eliminated
- 1981 Space shuttle Columbia
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first reports of AIDS
- 1982 CD's on sale
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US Cruise missiles
- 1984 Genetic fingerprinting
- 1985 Desk Top Publishing
- Live Aid
- 1986 Chernobyl
- 1988 Hawking's Brief History of Time |
- 1996 Rise and rise of the Internet
- 1997 Mars landing |
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60's |
70's |
80's |
90's |
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Religion |
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Church Universal and Triumphant 1958 - 70 |
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- 1950 AD.-Urantia Book- Dr. Bill Sadler
- AD.-Lafayette Ronald Hubbard published his book Dianetics-SCIENTOLOGY
- 1954 Atherius Society (UFO’s)- Dr. George King
-Unification Church- Sun Myung Moon
- 1955 Scientology- L. Ron Hubbard
- 1958 Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research- Henry Kinley
– Mark and E.C. Prophet
- Henry Kinley begins (IDMR) the Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research
| - 1958 - 70 Church Universal and Triumphant |
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- 1959 Unitariarian Universalist |
- 1960 Enkankar- Paul Twitchell
- 1961 Unitarian Universalism was officially formed.
- 1964 Eckankar The Ancient Science of Soul Travel (Eck). Founded by Paul Twitchell
- 1965 Assembly of Yahweh-Jacob Meyer
- 1966 Church of Satan – Anton LaVey
- 1968 Hare Krishna (US)- Swami Prabhupada
- Children of God- David (Moses) Berg- 1960 Transcendental meditation- Maharishi Mahesh Yogi |
- 1970 Findhorn Community –Peter and Eileen Caddy –David Spangler
- Divine light Mission- Guru Maharaj Ji
- 1973 CARP was established in the United States. [The Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles] to introduce the teachings of un Myung Moon.
- 1974 Assemblies of Yahweh-Sam Suratt
- 1979 Church of Christ International - Kip McKean |
| - 1980 - 1982 Tara Center-Benjamen Crème |
- 1980 House of Yahweh (Abilene) Jacob Hawkins |
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60's |
70's |
80's |
90's |
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Empires |
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1922 - 1991 |
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60's |
70's |
80's |
90's |
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Mediterranean |
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- 1951 Cyprus bids for Independence
- 1955 EOKA terrorist campaign in Cyprus
- 1956 Hungarian revolt
- 1957 Macmillan PMEEC formed
- 1959 Cyprus joins Commonwealth |
- 1964 Malta becomes independent |
- 1974 Cyprus invaded by Turkey |
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- 1992 Break up of Yugoslavia
| - 1992 - 96 Yugoslavian wars 260,000 deaths |
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- 1999 Kosovo's liberation war - NATO vs Serbia 2,000 deaths |
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60's |
70's |
80's |
90's |
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North Europe |
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Britain Vs Northern Ireland Civil War 1968 - 1994 |
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
1922 - 1991 |
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Russia-Chechnya civil war 1991 - 2009 |
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- 1950 Schumann plan
- 1952 Britain's first atomic bomb
- 1953 Death of Stalin
- 1955 Warsaw Pact signed
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- 1961 Berlin wall erected
- 1962 The Beatles come out
- 1964 Brezhnev ousts Krushchev
- 1966 England wins World Cup
- 1968 Czechoslovakia invaded by Warpac
- 1969 Ulster troubles in Ireland
First man on the moon 1969 
- The Right Stuff 1983
- Apollo 13 1999
- From the Earth to the Moon 1998 |
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| - 1969 - 02 IRA - Norther Ireland's civil war 2,000 deaths |
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| - 1968 - 1994 Britain Vs Northern Ireland Civil War |
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- 1971 N. Ireland Internment policy
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Decimalisation of currency in Britain
- 1973 Britain joins European Community
- 1974 IRA bombing of mainland
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Three day week in Britain to conserve electricity
- 1975 IMF assists Britain
- 1976 Seychelles Independent
- 1979 Thatcher PM
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- 1982 Falkland war
- 1985 Britain isolated in Commonwealth over South African sanctions
- 1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident
- 1989 Berlin Wall crumbles
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| - 1991 - 2009 Russia-Chechnya civil war 200,000 deaths |
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60's |
70's |
80's |
90's |
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Middle East |
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Kurds vs Iraq 1961 - 2003 |
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Kurds vs Turkey
1980 - 99 |
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Iraq-Iran war 1
1980 - 88 |
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Afghanistan civil war
1988 - 2001 |
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civil war in Lebanon 1975 - 90 |
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Algerian war 1954 - 1962
- Cache 2005
- Legionnaire 1998
- Outpost in Morocco 1949
- Rachida 2002
- Outremer 1990
- La Trahison (The Betrayal) 2005 |
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- 1955 EOKA terrorist campaign in Cyprus
- 1956 Second Arab-Israeli war. 231 Israeli and 3,000 Egyptians die |
- 1960 OPEC formed
- 1961 Saudis take over defence of Kuwait from Britain
| - 1961 - 2003 Kurds vs Iraq 180,000 deaths |
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- 1967 Six day war. Third Arab-Israeli war. 776 Israeli and 20,000 Arabs die
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Aden independence |
- 1971 Bahrain and Qatar become independent
- 1973 Fourth Arab-Israeli war 2,688 Israeli and 18,000 Arabs die
-
Oil Shock
- 1974 Cyprus invade d by Turkey
| - 1975 - 90 civil war in Lebanon 40,000 deaths |
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- 1978 Camp David Accords
- 1979 USSR invades Afghanistan 1.3 million deaths
- The Beast 1988
- Shah if Iran overthrown
- Russia invades Afghanistan
- The Beast 1988
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1980 - 8 Iran Iraq war
- Soraya 2003 |
| - 1980 - 88 Iraq-Iran war 1 million deaths |
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| - 1980 - 99 Kurds vs Turkey 35,000 deaths |
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- 1982 Israel invades Lebanon
- 1987 Palestinian Intifada 4,500 deaths
| - 1987 - 92 First Intifada 170 Israelis and 1,000 Palestinians |
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| - 1988 - 2001 Afghanistan civil war 400,000 deaths |
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|
- 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait
- 1991 Gulf War - large coalition against Iraq to liberate Kuwait 85,000 deaths
- 1993 Palestinian Israeli peace accords
- 1995 - Pakistani Sunnis vs Shiites 1,300 deaths
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60's |
70's |
80's |
90's |
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East Asia |
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Indonesia-Aceh 1976 - 2005 |
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Indonesia-East Timor civil war 1976 - 98 |
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Laos' civil war 1975 - 87 |
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Boat people, Vietnam 1975 - 89 |
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Indonesia vs West Papua/Irian 1961 - 98 |
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| - 1949 – 1956 Generally seen as the ‘good years’ of Chinese socialism. Land is redistributed to peasants and the economy grows. |
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| - 1950 - 53 Korean war 3 million deaths |
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- 1951 ANZUS pact in Pacific
- 1954 Dien Bien Phu forces French out of Vietnam
- 1956 The Hundred Flowers Campaign encourages intellectuals to give their opinions about the government. Many that do are sent straight to jail.
- 1958 West Indies Federation formed
| - 1958 - 61 Mao's "Great Leap Forward" 38 million deaths. an attempt to boost production through re-redistribution of land (into enormous communes) and millions of backyard furnaces. The result was two failed harvests and millions of deaths from starvation |
|
| - 1961 - 98 Indonesia vs West Papua/Irian 100,000 deaths |
|
- 1965 second India-Pakistan war over Kashmir
Vietnam war 1955 - 75
3 million deaths
- We Were Soldiers 2002
- Platoon 1986 |
|
| - 1965 - 66 Indonesian civil war 250,000 deaths |
|
- 1966 After a few years away from power, discredited by the Great Leap Forward, Mao starts the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. The Cultural Revolution is a time of utter chaos where university students (and later, even younger students) formed into bands of ‘Red Guards’ and went round destroying anything redolent of the West, capitalism, religion or tradition. Mao’s rivals within the Party were purged, thousands of lives were ruined, the health and education system collapsed, and most of China’s cultural heritage was destroyed.
| - 1966 - 69 Mao's "Cultural Revolution" 11 million deaths |
|
- 1968 Tet offensive in Vietnam
- 1969 Philippines vs New People's Army 40,000 deaths
|
- 1970 Fiji and Tongan Independence
- 1971 Pakistan-Bangladesh civil war 500,000 deaths
- 1972 Bangladesh leaves Pakistan
- The Lin Biao incident sees the death of Mao’s greatest ally and propagandist, Lin Biao. Historians speculate that he may have attempted a coup against Mao.
- Philippines vs Muslim separatists Moro Islamic Liberation Front, etc 120,000 deaths
- 1975 End of Vietnam war
-
Khmer Rouge take over Cambodia
-
Papua New Guinea gains Independence
| - 1975 - 79 Khmer Rouge, Cambodia 1.7 million deaths |
|
| - 1975 - 89 Boat people, Vietnam 250,000 deaths |
|
| - 1975 - 87 Laos' civil war 184,000 deaths |
|
- 1976 Death of Mao Zedong
- The chaos of the cultural revolution ends with the death of Mao. Hua Guofeng takes over, but has no real powerbase.
| - 1976 - 98 Indonesia-East Timor civil war 600,000 deaths |
|
| - 1976 - 2005 Indonesia-Aceh (GAM) civil war 12,000 deaths |
|
- 1977 Deng Xiaoping leads China
- 1978 Deng Xiaoping ousts Hua Guofeng and, for the almost the first time in Chinese history, allows his predecessor a relatively peaceful retirement.
- 1979 Kiribati volcano
- Gilbert Islands becomes Independent
- Vietnam-China war 30,000 deaths |
- 1980 Deng begins the policies of ‘reform and opening up’ which see China open up its economy and (to a much lesser degree) political life.
- New Hebrides, Vanunu; Zimbabwean Independence
- 1983 Sri Lanka's civil war 70,000 deaths
- 1984 Brunei Independent
- 1986 Indian Kashmir's civil war 60,000 deaths
- 1987 Fiji leaves Commonwealth
- 1989 Tiananmen square
- Violent suppression of Tiananmen Square protests dents hopes for further political reform and tarnishes China’s international image, but has little long term effect on economic progress. Jiang Zemin becomes leader, some speculate he gets the leadership because of his firm ideological stance and successful handling of student protests in Shanghai. |
- 1995 Work begins on the Three Gorges Dam.
- 1995 - Maoist rebellion in Nepal 12,000 deaths
- 1997 Deng dies
-
Hong Kong returns to China. |
|
60's |
70's |
80's |
90's |
|
|
Central Asia |
|
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| - 1953 The death of Stalin and subsequent rise of Khrushchev. |
- 1962 Mass exodus of Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Soviet Central Asia.
-
Border clashes between Chinese and Indian forces in Kashmir.
- 1965 Indo Pakistan war |
|
|
| - 1991 - 94 Armenia-Azerbaijan war 35,000 deaths |
|
| - 1992 - 96 Tajikstan's civil war war 50,000 deaths |
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|
60's |
70's |
80's |
90's |
|
|
The Americas |
|
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| |
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Kyle Pounds 1973 - Present |
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| |
US in Vietnam War 61 - 75 |
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|
El Salvador's civil war 1977 - 92 |
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|
Argentinean fascism 76 - 83 |
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|
| - 1945 - 53 Harry S Truman |
|
- 1949 - 69 Mccarthyism
- Good Night and Good Luck 2005 |
|
| - 1950 - 53 The Korean War |
|
| - 1953 - 91 Dwight D Eisenhower |
|
- 1951 ANZUS pact in Pacific
- 1952 The Priest-king Pacal's tomb at Palenque is discovered and excavated by Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz, marking the first time a tomb has been found inside a Maya pyramid. Prior to this, Maya pyramids were believed to be temples with a purely religious or ceremonial purpose.
- 1953 McCarthy era in US
- 1956 Castro and Guevara land in Cuba
|
| - 1960 - 96 Guatemala's civil war 200,000 deaths |
|
- 1961 Bay of pigs
| - 1961 - 75 US in Vietnam War |
|
| - 1961 - 63 John F Kennedy |
|
- 1962 Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda and Western Samoa all gain independence.
- Cuban missile crisis become independent
- Maya hieroglyphic signs are first catalogued. Uncontrolled looting of Maya tombs and other sites begins around this time in the southern lowlands, continuing until well into the 1970s.
-
Commonwealth immigrants act in America
| - 1963 - 69 Lynden B Johnson |
|
| - 1961 - 75 Apollo Program |
|
| - 1962 - 66 Gemini Program |
|
- 1966 - Colombia's civil war 31,000 deaths
- 1969 Open Universities
- Malcolm X 1992
- Woodstock
- Woodstock 1970 |
- 1969 - 74 Richard Nixon
- Nixon 1995 |
|
- 1972 Watergate
- 1973 Bahamas become Independent
- Oil Shock
- Skylab
- Coup in Chile
- Missing 1982
- Chilean Fascism
- Of Love and Shadows 1994
- 1974 Grenada Independent
-
Watergate
- 1976 Coup in Argentina
- US invades Nicaragua
Argentinean fascism
1976 - 83 20,000 deaths
- Miss Mary 1986
- Evita 1996
- Funny Dirty Little War
- The Official Story 1985
- Carla's Song 1997 |
|
| - 1977 - 92 El Salvador's civil war 75,000 deaths |
|
- 1978 Dominica Independent |
| - 1980 - 90 Eighties music |
|
- 1980 Bishop Romero assasinated in El Salvador
- Romero 1989
| - 1980 - 92 Sendero Luminoso Peru's civil war 69,000 deaths |
|
- 1981 Belize independent
| - 1981 - 90 Nicaragua vs Contras 60,000 deaths |
|
| - 1981 - 89 Ronald Reagan |
|
- 1982 Falkland war
- 1983 Grenada invaded by US
- 1986 Peak Unemployment of 3.5 m in America
- 1987 Stock Market crisis
- 1989 Invasion of Panama
- Noriega: God's Favorite 2000
| - 1989 - 93 George HW Bush |
|
|
| - 1993 - 2001 Bill Clinton |
|
|
|
60's |
70's |
80's |
90's |
|
|
Africa |
|
|
| |
|
|
Angolan civil war 1975 - 2002 |
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| |
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Rhodesia's civil war 1968 - 80 |
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| |
Mozambique's civil war 1976 - 93 |
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Mozambique Frelimo vs Portugal
1962 - 75
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| |
South Africa vs Africa National Congress
1960 - 90 |
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Ethiopian Civil War
1974 - 91
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| |
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Francisco Nguema
1969 - 79 |
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| |
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Idi Amin, Uganda 1969 - 79 |
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|
rebellion in Kenya
1952 - 60 |
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|
Sudanese civil war
1983 - 2002 |
|
|
Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya
1952 - 60 20,000 deaths
- Something of Value 1957
- Kitchen Toto 1987
- Hemingway, the Hunter of Death 2001
- The Snows of Kilimanjaro 1952
|
|
- 1953 Algerian crisis begins
- 1954 Withdrawal from Sudan
- Troops removed from Egypt
| - 1954 - 62 French-Algerian war 368,000 deaths |
|
- 1956 Suez crisis
- 1957 Ghana Malay states become independent
- Gold Coast becomes independent
|
- 1960 Belgian Congo gains independence
- British Somaliland and Nigeria become independant
- 1960 - 90 South Africa vs Africa National Congress |
|
- 1961 Sierra Leone, Tanganyika and British Cameroons become independent Independent
- South Africa leaves Commonwealth
| - 1962 - 75 Mozambique Frelimo vs Portugal |
|
- 1963 Kenya and Zanzibar become independent
- 1964 Northern Rhodesia Zambia, Nyasaland, Malawi, become independent
- Malta becomes independent
- 1965 Southern Rhodesia declares unilateral independence
- 1966 Botswana, Lesotho and Gambia all gain independence
| - 1967 - 70 Nigeria-Biafra civil war 800,000 deaths |
|
- 1968 Mauritius and Swaziland gain Independence
| - 1968 - 80 Rhodesia's civil war |
|
|
- 1969 - 79 Francisco Macias Nguema, Equatorial Guinea 50,000 deaths |
|
| - 1969 - 79 Idi Amin, Uganda 300,000 deaths |
|
- 1972 Burundi's civil war 300,000 deaths
- Asians expelled from Uganda
| - 1972 - 79 Rhodesia/Zimbabwe's civil war 30,000 deaths |
|
| - 1974 - 91 Ethiopian civil war 1,000,000 deaths |
|
| - 1975 - 78 Menghitsu, Ethiopia 1.5 million deaths |
|
| - 1975 - 2002 Angolan civil war 500,000 deaths |
|
- 1976 Seychelles Independent
| - 1976 - 93 Mozambique's civil war 900,000 deaths |
|
- 1979 Rhodesian settlement reached |
- 1980 New Hebrides, Vanunu; Zimbabwean Independence
| - 1982 - 90 Hissene Habre, Chad 40,000 deaths |
|
| - 1983 - 2002 Sudanese civil war 2 million deaths |
|
- 1984 Brunei Independent
- 1985 Britain isolated in Commonwealth over South African sanctions
- 1986 US bombing of Libya
| - 1988 - 2004 Somalia's civil war 550,000 deaths |
|
- 1989 Liberian civil war 220,000 deaths
- Uganda vs Lord's Resistance Army 30,000 deaths |
- 1990 South West Africa becomes Independent Namibia
-
Nelson Mandela freed
| - 1991 - 97 Congo's civil war 800,000 deaths |
|
| - 1991 - 2000 Sierra Leone's civil war 200,000 deaths |
|
| - 1992 - 99 Algerian civil war 150,000 deaths |
|
| - 1993 - 2005 Burundi's civil war 200,000 deaths |
|
- 1994 Rwanda's civil war 900,000 deaths
- Multi racial elections in South Africa
End of Aparteid 1994
- Mandela 1987
- Mandela and De Klerk 1997 |
|
- 1995 - 96 Chad civil war
- Daresalam 2000 |
|
- 1995 Nigeria suspended from Commonwealth
- 1996 South Africa rejoins Commonwealth
- 1998 - Congo/Zaire's war - Rwanda and Uganda vs Zimbabwe, Angola and Namibia 3.8 million deaths
| - 1998 - 2000 Ethiopia-Eritrea war 75,000 deaths |
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|
10's |
20's |
30's |
40's |
| |
|
The Roaring Twenties |
The Depresing Thirties |
War & redrawing the map |
|
|
Technology |
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|
|
- 1901 Vacuum cleaner
- 1903 First powered flight by the Wright brothers
- 1905 Einstein's Special theory of relativity
- Rutherford's Nuclear model of atom
- 1906 Vitamins discovered by Hopkins;
- first sound radio broadcasting
- 1909 Ford Model 'T'
-
Vacuum cleaner
-
First powered flight by the Wright brothers
-
Einstein's Special theory of relativity
-
Vitamins discovered by Hopkins;
- first sound radio broadcasting
|
-
Seaplane invented
-
Rutherford's Nuclear model of atom
-
First air mail
- 1910 Seaplane invented
-
First air mail
-
Stainless steel
- 1912 Stainless steel
- 1914 Panama canal opens
-
Zipper
-
Traffic lights and
-
35mm camera are all invented
| - 1914 - 18 World War I 20 million deaths |
- 1915 Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
- 1916 First Tank developed
-
first Jazz recordings
- 1919 League of Nations formed
-
Rutherford splits the atom |
- 1921 Marconi makes first Radio Broadcast
- 1922 Insecticide developed
- 1923 First 'Talkie' Movie
- 1924 Insecticide developed
- 1926 First Television
- 1927 Lindbergh flies Atlantic
- Spirit of St. Louis 1957
- 1928 Discovery of Penicillin
-
Colour TV
- Mickey Mouse
|
- 1930 Pluto discovered
-
Jet engine
-
Coward's Private lives book
- 1931 Electron Microscope
- 1933 Radar
- Marconi makes first Radio Broadcast
- 1934 Nylon developed
- 1936 Helicopter
-
Nylon developed
- 1937 Photocopier
- 1939 DDT insecticide developed
-
Gone with the Wind |
| - 1939 - 45 World War II 55 million including holocaust and Chinese revolution deaths |
|
- 1941 Aerosol can
- Citizen Kane
- 1942 Fermi builds Nuclear reactor
- 1943 Aqualung by Cousteau and Gagnan
- 1945 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki;
End of War
- 1946 Development of Computers
- 1947 Transistor invented
- 1948 LP's invented
- 1949 Orwell's
1984 |
|
10's |
20's |
30's |
40's |
|
|
Religion |
|
|
|
- 1900 Rosicrucian Fellowship-Max Heindel
- Freud publishes his interpretations of Dreams
- Freud 1962
- Rosicrucian Fellowship-Max Heindel
- 1902 Anthroposophical Society –Rudolf Steiner
- 1905 Jung's Psychology of Unconscious
- 1906 The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World
- Inherit the Wind (Trial on evolution) 1960 |
- 1912 Jung's Psychology of Unconscious
- 1914 Iglesia ni Cristo- Felix Manalo
- Oneness Pentecostalism- Frank Ewart, G.T.Haywood, Glenn Cook
- 1917 True Jesus Church. Founders Paul Wei, Lingsheng Chang and Barnabas Chang
- 1918 Women get the vote in America |
- 1927 Mind Science - Ernest Holmes |
- 1930 Black Muslims (Nation of Islam) –Wallace D. Fard
- 1934 World Wide Church of God- Herbert W. Armstrong
- 1935 Self Realization Fellowship- Paramahansa Yogananda |
- 1944 AD.- Silva Mind Control –Jose Silva
- 1945 The Way -Victor P.Wierwille
- United Pentecostal International- Howard Goss, W.T. Witherspoon (can be traced back to 1914)
- 1948 Latter Rain
- Franklin Hall, George Warnock. |
|
10's |
20's |
30's |
40's |
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|
Empires |
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Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1922 - 1991 |
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| |
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|
10's |
20's |
30's |
40's |
|
|
Mediterranean |
|
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|
- 1903 Ottomans vs Macedonian rebels (20,000)
|
- 1910 Portugese revolution
-
Palace of Knossos excavated
- Spanish Civil War
- Land and Freedom 1995
| - 1911 - 12 Italian-Ottoman war 20,000 deaths |
| - 1912 - 13 Balkan wars 150,000 deaths |
- 1913 Turkey loses most of European lands
| - 1916 - 23 the Ottoman empire slaughters 350,000 Greek Pontians and 480,000 Anatolian Greeks |
| - 1917 - 19 Greece vs Turkey 45,000 deaths |
|
- 1920 Italian unification
- Leopard 1936 |
- 1932 Union of Fascists formed
- Benito: The Rise and Fall of Mussolini 1993
| - 1936 - 39 Spanish civil war 600,000 deaths |
|
- 1943 Commonwealth troops invade Italy
| - 1946 - 49 Greek civil war 50,000 deaths |
|
|
10's |
20's |
30's |
40's |
|
|
North Europe |
|
|
|
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) 1922 - 1991 |
|
|
- 1901 Federated Commonwealth of Australia formed;
- 1903 Norway breaks from Sweden
|
- 1914 Imperial troops assembled for war
World War I 1914 - 18
- The Day That Shook the World 1977
- The Guns of August 1964
- Colonel Redl 1985
- And the Ship Sails On 1983
- The African Queen 1951
- All Quiet on the Western Front 1930
- All Quiet on the Western Front 1979
- The Blue Max 1966
- Crimson Romance 1934
- Dawn Patrol 1938
- Eagle & Hawk 1933
- Gallipoli 1981
- Ararat 2002
- Anzacs 1985
- Behind the Lines 1998
- Light Horsemen 1987
- Forty Thousand Horsemen 1941
- Britannic 2000
- Paths of Glory 1957
- Trench 1999
- Mata Hari 1932
- Mata Hari 1972
- Untel père et fils (Heart of a Nation) 1943
- Sergeant York 1941
- The Man I Killed 1932
- The Fighting 69th 1940
- A Farewell to Arms 1932 1957
- In Love and War 1996
- The Lost Battalion 2001
- Joyeux Noel 2006 |
Russian revolution
1917 - 21 5 million deaths
- Strike 1924
- Nicholas and Alexandra 1971
- Rasputin 1996 1985
- Agony: The Life and Death of Rasputin 1975
- I Killed Rasputin 1967
- Rasputin - the Mad Monk 1966
- Nights of Rasputin 1960
- Rasputin and the Empress 1932
- Fall of Eagles 1974 (TV miniseries)
- Reds 1981
- Dr. Zhivago 1965
- October 1928
- The End of St. Petersburg 1934
- The Red and the White 1967
- Anastasia 1956 1997
- Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna 1986 |
- 1916 First Tank developed
- US enters war
- 1917 US enters war
- 1918 Treaty of Versaille
- 1919 Nancy Astor the first Woman to sit as a Member of Parliament
-
League of Nations formed
| - 1919 - 21 Poland vs Soviet Union 27,000 deaths |
|
- 1920 Nazis formed by Hitler
Irish Civil War 1921 - 1924
- Parnell 1937
- Captain Boycott 1947
- The Informer 1935
- Juno and the Paycock 1930
- Michael Collins 1996
- The Wind that Shakes the Barley 2006
- Talk of Angels 1998
- My Left Foot 1989
- Nora 2000
- A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man 1979 |
- 1922 BBC founded
-
USSR formed
- 1926 Imperial conference gives Dominion status to settler colonies
- 1927 Stalin comes to power
- 1929 Secretary of State for Dominions instituted
|
- 1931 Statute of Westminster gives Dominions control over own parliaments
-
Great Depression starts
| - 1932 - 33 Soviet Union vs Ukraine 10 million deaths |
- 1933 Nazis come to power in Germany
Nazis come to power in Germany 1933
- The Great Dictator 1940
- Hitler 1962
- The Last Lieutenant 1993 |
- 1934 Purified National Party advocates Apharteid in South Africa;
- 1936 Night of the Long Knives in Germany
- 1935 British Council established
- 1939 Reoccupation of Rhineland
| - 1936 - 37 Stalin's purges 13 million deaths |
- 1938 IRA bombings in England
-
Munich peace accords
- 1939 World War II breaks out
|
Holocaust 1938 - 1945
- Conspiracy 2001
- Anne Frank Remembered 1995 |
War in Europe 1939 - 1945
- Tea with Mussolini 1999
- Big Red One 1980
-
1940 Blitz;
-
Evacuation of British forces from Dunkirk
- Dunkirk 1958
-
Fall of France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark and Norway to Germans
- A Rukajärven tie (Ambush) 1999
- Battle of Britain
- Dark Blue World 2001
- Angels One Five 1952
-
1943 Commonwealth troops invade Italy
- 1943 Bombing of Bremen
- Memphis Belle 1990
-
Battle of Kursk
-
1944 D - Day
- Saving Private Ryan 1998
- Battle of the Bulge
- When Trumpets Fade 1998 |
- 1940 Blitz
-
Evacuation of British forces from Dunkirk
-
Fall of France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark and Norway to Germans
- 1941 Atlantic Charter
-
Invasion of USSR
- 1942 Fall of
El Alamein
- 1943 Battle of Kursk
- 1944 Allied Invasion of the mainland
- 1945 United Nations formed
- 1946 Cold War begins
- 1947 Marshall plan and Truman Doctrine
- 1948 Berlin airlift
- 1949 Ireland leaves the Commonwealth;
|
|
10's |
20's |
30's |
40's |
|
|
Middle East |
|
|
|
|
- 1906 Revolution in Iran
|
- 1913 Turkey loses most of European lands
- 1914 Cyprus annexed
| - 1915 - 20 the Ottoman empire slaughters 500,000 Assyrians deaths |
- 1916 Balfour declaration promises Palestine to the Jews
- 1918 Palestine becomes British mandate |
- 1920 Palestine becomes British mandate
End of the Ottoman Empire 1923
- Harem Suare (Last Harem) 1998
- Lawrence of Arabia 1962 |
|
- 1932 Saudi Arabia and Iraqi Independence
- 1937 Arab Jewish conflict in Palestine |
- 1948 Israel created
| - 1947 - 49 First Arab-Israeli war 6,373 Israeli and 15,000 Arabs die |
| - 1948 - 1973 Arab-Israeli wars 70,000 deaths |
|
|
10's |
20's |
30's |
40's |
|
|
East Asia |
|
|
| |
Republic of China 1911 - 49 |
|
|
|
|
|
Chinese civil war
1928 - 37 |
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|
|
|
Peoples Republic of China 1911 - 1944 |
|
|
|
- 1901 Federated Commonwealth of Australia formed
- 1903 Britain takes Sokoto and ends Fulani Empire
| - 1904 - 05 Japan vs Russia 150,000 deaths |
Japan Expands
1905 - 1945
- Fall of Eagles 1974
- Sisters of the Gion 1936
- Memoirs of a Geisha 2005
- Zi Hudi (Purple Butterfly) 2003 |
- 1908 Universal adult suffrage in Australia
|
- 1910 Japan annexes Korea
- 1911 Chinese revolution 2.4 million deaths
- The Last Emperor 1987
- 1912 The Qing dynasty never really recovered from the humiliations of 1900 and finally collapses in 1912. Sun Yatsen, who has spent decades travelling the world to raise funds and campaign against the Qing, founds the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party) and takes control of the new Republican government. In an effort to avert civil war he offers the Presidency to Yuan Shikai, former head of the Qing armies, and warlord in control of Northern China.
- 1913 Yuan Shikai, who clearly has ambitions to found a new dynasty, dissolves the new Republican government and sends Sun Yatsen into exile once again.
- 1916 Yuan Shikai’s sudden death sends Northern China into civil war, while Sun Yatsen returns to take control of a Kuomintang government in South China.
- 1911 - 49 Republic of China
- The Soong Sisters 1997
- Shanghai Triad 1995 |
|
- 1920 Mahatma Gandhi becomes leader of Congress
- Australian Aborigines
- Rabbit-Proof Fence 2002
- 1921 The CCP is formed. Early members include Mao Zedong, Zhou Enlai and Li Dazhao, a Beijing University librarian. At the behest of the Soviet Union, they join the KMT and fight the Northern warlords.
- 1925 Sun Yatsen dies. Chiang Kaishek is now in control of the KMT.
- 1926 Civil war in China
- The Sand Pebbles 1966
- 1927 After jointly defeating the Northern warlords, the CCP organise a strike against Chiang and the KMT. They are brutally suppressed, around 5,000 people are killed, including Yang Kaihui, Mao’s second wife, and Li Dazhao, who is executed by slow strangulation.
- 1928 Flying Doctor service in Australia
| - 1928 - 37 Chinese civil war 2 million deaths deaths |
- 1929 Uprising of Mau in Samoa
|
- 1930 Nehru's declaration of Indian Independence
-
Gandhi's second disobedience campaign
- Gandhi 1982
| - 1930 - 32 First Round Table conference between Britain and Indian parties |
- 1931 Japanese occupation of Manchuria. Japanese Manchurian War 1.1 million deaths
- 1932 Japan invades Manchuria (Northern China)
- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory established
- 1934 The Long March – encircled and outnumbered, the Communists must fight or flee. They flee, marching almost 10,000km and crossing more than a dozen mountain ranges. Many die, but the succeed in regrouping and establishing a base in Yan’an, Sha’anxi. 170,000 deaths
- 1935 Government of India act allowing limited local government
- 1936 Chiang said that ‘The Japanese are a disease of the skin, the Communists are a disease of the heart’ and wants to focus on defeating the Communists first. His General Zhang Xueliang disagreed and kidnapped him, forcing him to agree to a United Front with the Communists against the Japanese.
- 1937 The Sino-Japanese War starts. In an event known as the Rape of Nanjing, Japanese troops rape, mutilate, torture and kill at least 200,000 civilians.
|
| - 1937 – 45 Japanese invasion of China 500,000 deaths. The United Front ends when Chiang stops distributing US arms to the Communists. During the war the KMT retreat westwards while the KMT retreat to the countryside, away from the lines of transport and communication both the Japanese and the KMT rely on. |
- 1941 Fall of Hong Kong
War in the Pacific
1941 - 1945
- 1941 Fall of Singapore, Malaya and Burma
- Merrill's Marauders 1962
- Battle of Coral Sea
- Battle of the Coral Sea 1959
- Guadalcanal
- The Thin Red Line 1998
- 1944 - 45 Fall of Philipines
- MacArthur 1977
- Raiders of Leyte Gulf 1963
- The Walls of Hell 1965
- Kamikazees
- Battle Stations 1956
-
Midway
- Midway 1976
-
Fermi builds Nuclear reactor
- Fat Man and Little Boy 1989
- Iwo Jima
- Sands of Iwo Jima 1949
- Flags of Our Fathers 2006
- 1944 Battle of Saipan
- Battle Cry 1955
- Makin Atoll battle
- Gung Ho 1943
- Tawara beach battle
- Tarawa Beach Head 1958
- Windtalkers 2002
- The Outsider 1961
- Okinawa
- Okinawa 1952
-
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki;
End of War
- Hiroshima 1995
- The Winds of War 1983 |
- 1942 Fall of Singapore, Malaya and Burma;
-
Midway;
- 1944 Burma recaptured
- 1945 Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki;
End of War;
| - 1945 – 49 By the end of WW2 the KMT had bankrupted China whilst the CCP had built themselves a strong, national following from their countryside bases. |
- 1946 North Borneo becomes a colony
| - 1946 - 49 Chinese civil war 1.2 million deaths |
| - 1946 - 54 France-Vietnam war 600,000 deaths |
- 1947 Partition of India and Pakistan 1 million deaths
- Taiwan's uprising against the Kuomintang 30,000 deaths
- Indian Independence
- Lord Mountbatten - The Last Viceroy 1986
- Partition of India and Pakistan
- 1948 Ghandi Assasinated
-
Ceylon and Burma become Independent;
-
Communist insurgency in Malaya
- Exodus 1960
- Nine Hours to Rama 1963
- 1949 Mao took Beijing and declared the foundation of the People’s Republic of China.
- Indian Muslims vs Hindus 20,000 deaths
| - 1949 - Present China turns Communist and
becomes the Peoples Republic of China |
- 1949 - Present China turns Communist and
becomes the Peoples Republic of China
- 1949 China invades Tibet
- Seven Years in Tibet 1997 - Kundun 1997 |
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|
10's |
20's |
30's |
40's |
|
|
Central Asia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Joseph Stalin in Power 1922 - 53 |
|
|
Dhali Llamas
- 1876 - 1933 Thubten Gyatso
- 1935 -Present Tenzin Gyatso |
- 1900 Russia annexes the eastern Pamirs.
- 1905 The 1905 Russian Revolution.
- The Russo-Japanese War.
- 1906 The completion of the Orenburg-Tashkent Railroad, linking Turkestan to European Russia.
- 1909 The founding of the Young Bukharans in Bukhara.
|
- 1915 the Ottoman empire slaughters Armenians 1.2 million deaths
- 1916 Kyrgyz revolt against Russia 120,000 deaths
- 1917 The Bolshevik Party affirms it support of the right of all nations within Russia to separate and form independent states.
-
The First Central Asian Muslim Congress in Tashkent demands the cessation of Russian colonization and the return of confiscated lands.
-
The Bolshevik "October" Revolution in Russia, resulting in the Tashkent Soviet seizing power from the Tashkent Committee.
-
The Third Regional Congress of Soviets in Tashkent decides to exclude Muslims from local government.
-
The Fourth Central Asian Muslim Congress in Kokand results in the creation of the Muslim Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkestan.
- 1918 The Muslim government in Kokand is crushed by the Tashkent Soviet and the Red Army, resulting in the slaughter of many Muslims.
-
The Russian Civil War begins.
-
The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) is established
- 1919 The Third Congress of the Communist Party of Turkestan decides to exclude Muslims from government posts in Turkestan. |
- 1920 The Reds emerge victorious in the Russian
-
Soviet troops capture Khiva, resulting in the abolition of the Khanate of Khiva and the end of the Kungrat dynasty.
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The Alash Orda government gives up resistance to the Bolsheviks.
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The People's Republic of Khorezm (Khiva) is established under the leadership of the Young Khivans.
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The Kazakh (then called Kirghiz) ASSR is created.
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Soviet troops capture Bukhara, resulting in the abolition of the Khanate of Bukhara and the end of the Mangit dynasty.
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The People's Republic of Bukhara is established under the leadership of the Young Bukharans and the Bukharan Communist Party, with Faizullah Khojaev (1896-1938) as chairman and then premier.
- 1922 The Turkish nationalists, under Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) abolish the Ottoman Sultanate.
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The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created, with the Turkestan and Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSRs included as parts of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
Stalin 1922 - 53
- Utomlyonnye solntsem (Burnt by the Sun) 1994
- The Inner Circle 1991
- Csend és kiáltás (Silence and Cry) 1967 soldiers
- A Tanú (The Witness) 1969
- Animal Farm 1955 1999
- East/West 1999 |
- 1923 The Republic of Turkey is proclaimed, with Mustafa Kemal as its first president.
- 1924 The death of Lenin and subsequent rise of Stalin to full power in the USSR.
-
Mustafa Kemal abolishes the Ottoman Caliphate.
- 1928 Soviet anti-Islamic campaign launched, resulting in the disbanding of Islamic courts and waqfs.
| - 1928 - 30 The Latin script replaces the Arabic alphabet in Soviet Central Asia. |
| - 1928 - 33 The forced collectivization of Soviet Central Asians. |
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- 1930 The completion of the Turkestan-Siberian Railroad.
| - 1937 - 38 Stalin purges the Muslim Communist leaders. |
| - 1939 - 40 The Cyrillic script replaces the Latin Alphabet in Soviet Central Asia. |
Trotsky Assasination
1939
- The Assassination of Trotsky 1972
- Frida 2000 |
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- 1942 The Soviet government grants Islam official legal status in the USSR and establishes the four Spiritual Directorates.
- 1944 The forced evacuation of Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, and other Caucasian Muslims to Soviet Central Asia.
| - 1949 - 50 Mainland China vs Tibet 1,200,000 deaths |
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10's |
20's |
30's |
40's |
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The Americas |
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Alcohol Prohibition 1920 - 33 |
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Mexican Revolution
1910 - 20 |
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Great Depression
1929 - 38 |
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Franklin Roosevelt 1933 - 45 |
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| - 1897 - 01 William Mckinley |
| - 1899 - 03 Colombian civil war 120,000 deaths |
| - 1899 - 02 Philippines vs USA war 20,000 deaths |
- 1879 - 1915 Joe Hill Labor organizer
- Joe Hill 1971
| - 1901 - 09 Theodore Roosevelt |
- 1903 Panama secedes from Columbia
- 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan become Provinces in Canada
- 1906 Cuba occupied by US
| - 1909 - 13 William Howard Taft |
|
Mexican Revolution 1910 - 20
250,000 deaths
- Zapata: Amor en Rebeldia 2004
- Zapata: El sueño de un héroe 2004
- El Compadre Mendoza 1934
- Viva Villa! 1934
- Let's Go with Pancho Villa 1936
- And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself 2003
- La Sombra del Caudillo 1960
- Villa! 1958
- Villa Rides! 1968
- The Old Gringo 1989
- Reed, México insurgente 1973
- Cannon for Cordoba 1970 |
- 1911 President Diaz of Mexico overthrown
- 1913 - 21 Woodrow Wilson
- Wilson 1944 |
- 1913 Opening of Panama canal
- 1914 Panama canal opens
- 1918 Women get the vote in America |
- 1920 - 33 Alcohol Prohibition
- The Untouchables 1987 |
| - 1921 - 23 Warren Harding |
| - 1923 - 29 Calvin Coolidge |
- 1928 Women over 21 given vote in America
- Iron Jawed Angels 2004
- 1929 Wall Street Crash
-
Uprising of Mau in Samoa |
| - 1929 - 33 Herbert Hoover |
Depression 1929 - 1938
- Brother Can You Spare a Dime 1975
- The Grapes of Wrath 1940) |
- 1932 Ottawa agreement promotes Imperial trade
| - 1933 - 45 Franklin Delano Roosevelt |
- 1937 Amelia Earhart
- Amelia Earhart: The Final Flight 1994
- 1939 Mobilisation of Dominion and Imperial forces in Canada
|
- 1941 Pearl Harbour
-
Lend Lease act
- 1943 Education Act
- 1944 Education Act
- 1945 United Nations formed
| - Harry S Truman 1945 - 53 |
- 1946 American photographer Giles Healey is taken to the Maya city of Bonampak by the native Lacandon who live nearby. Healey becomes the first non-Maya ever to see Bonampak's stunning wall-paintings, which reveal new details about Maya civilization.
-
National Health Service started in America
- 1946 Cold War begins
- 1947 Marshall plan and Truman Doctrine
- Truman 1995
| - 1948 - 1958 Colombian civil war 250,000 deaths |
- 1948 Ceylon and Burma become Independent;
-
Communist insurgency in Malaya
- 1949 Newfoundland and Labrador join Canada
- Nato created
- French in Indochina
- Indochine 1992 |
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10's |
20's |
30's |
40's |
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Africa |
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Boer War 1899 - 1902
- Untamed 1955
- Breaker Morant 1980 |
- 1900s Kenya
- The Ghost and the Darkness 1996
- The Flame Trees of Thika 1982
- Out of Africa 1985
- 1903 Britain takes Sokoto and ends Fulani Empire
- 1904 Germany vs Namibia war 65,000 die |
- 1912 Italy conquers Libya
- 1914 occupation of German West African colonies
-
Egypt becomes British Protectorate
- 1918 British East Africa becomes Kenya |
- 1920 British East Africa becomes Kenya
- 1922 Egyptian Independence
-
Tutankhamun's tomb opened
- 1924 Northern Rhodesia becomes a protectorate |
- 1934 Purified National Party advocates Apharteid in South Africa
| - 1934 - 36 Suppression of Ghanese radicals |
- 1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia
- Government of India act allowing limited local government
- 1936 Restriction of representation of Black South Africans
- 1936 Italy's invasion of Ethiopia 200,000 deaths |
- 1941 Ethiopia captured by Commonwealth troops
- 1945 Pan-African conference
- 1948 Afrikaner National Party win power in South Africa |
|
1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
The great rulers |
Commerce & colonies |
Inquiry & revolution |
Independance, industry & nationalism |
War & modernization |
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Technology |
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Middle Ages
500 - 1700 |
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Galileo
1564 - 1642 |
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Sir Isaac Newton
1643 - 1727 |
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Indrustrial rev
1760 - 1830 |
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2nd Ind rev |
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- 1475 - 1542 Gendrun Drup
- 1543 - 88 Sonam Gyatso |
- 1506 Julius commenced building St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome.
- 1564 Galileo, the astronomer, was born. He lived 78 years. William Shakespeare was born. He lived 52 years.
- 1593 - 1653 Artemisia Gentileschi painter
- Artemisia 1997
- 1500 The first flush toilets appeared.
- 1510 Leonardo da Vinci designs a horizontal water wheel .
-
Pocket watch invented by Peter Henlein.
- 1513 Urs Graf invents etching.
- 1530 The spinning wheel was invented at Brunswick.
- 1568 Bottled beer invented in London.
- 1569 Gerard Mercator invents Mercator map projection.
- 1589 Englishmen, William Lee invents the knitting machine.
- 1590 Dutchmen, Zacharias Janssen invents the compound microscope - 1593 Galileo invents a water thermometer.
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- 1606 The Dutch discovered Australia.
- 1608 Hans Lippershey invents the first refracting telescope.
- 1619 Wm. Harvey, M.D. of England discovered the double function of the heart as a pump and supplier of oxygen from the lungs.
- 1630 Rhembrantd
- Rembrandt 1936
- 1631 The first newspaper, The Gazette De France. Still in circulation.
- 1632 Galileo writes treatise on solar system
Galileo Galilae
1564 - 1642
- Galileo 1975
- Galileo Galilei 1969 -- Italian film |
- 1620 The earliest human-powered submarine invented.
- 1624 William Oughtred invents a slide ruler.
- 1625 Frenchmen, Jean-Baptiste Denys invents a method for blood transfusion.
- 1629 Giovanni Branca invents a steam turbine.
- 1636 W. Gascoigne invents the micrometer.
- 1642 Frenchmen, Blaise Pascal invents an adding machine.
- 1643 Evangelista Torricelli invents the barometer.
- 1650 Otto von Guericke invents a air pump.
- 1656 Christian Huygens invents a pendulum clock.
- 1660 Cuckoo clocks made in Furtwangen, Germany, in the Black Forest region.
- 1663 James Gregory invents the first reflecting telescope.
- 1666 Sir Isaac Newton discovered the law of gravitation.
- 1668 Isaac Newton invents a reflecting telescope.
- 1670 The first reference to a candy cane is made. Dom Pérignon invents Champagne.
- 1671 Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz invents a calculating machine.
- 1675 Christian Huygens patents the pocket watch.
- 1676 Robert Hooke invents the universal joint.
- 1679 Denis Papin invents the pressure cooker.
- 1684 George Handel was born.
- 1695 The Bank of England commenced business on
- 1698 Englishmen, Thomas Savery invents a steam pump.
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- 1700 The first piano is built
- 1701 Jethro Tull invents the seed drill.
- 1704 Newton explains principles of Colour in Optics
- 1707 Abraham Darby uses coal to smelt Iron
- 1708 Jesuit missionaries make first accurate map of China
- Union Pacific 1939
- 1711 Englishmen, John Shore invents the tuning fork.
- 1712 Thomas Newcomen patents the atmospheric steam engine
- 1714 Fahrenheit devises mercury thermometer
- 1717 Edmond Halley invents the diving bell.
- 1722 French C. Hopffer patents the fire extinguisher
- 1723 Workhouses started
- 1724 Gabriel Fahrenheit invents the first mercury thermometer.
- 1725 First Encyclopedia printed in China
- 1728 Danish explorer Bering discovers Straits
- 1730 Octant navigational aid invented
- 1733 First perambulator (pram) designed
- John Kay invents the flying shuttle.
- 1734 First fire extinguisher invented - Newcomen invents steam powered piston engine
- 1735 Linnaeus develops categorisation system
- 1736 Rubber discovered in Peru
- 1742 Celsius devises centigrade scale
- 1745 E.G. von Kleist invents the leyden jar, the first electrical capacitor.
- 1746 - 1828 Fransisco Goya
- Volavérunt 1999
- Goya's Ghost 2006
- 1748 First blast furnace built
- 1750 James Watt discovered the power of steam.
- 1752 Ben. Franklin discovered the identity of lightening and electricity. Lightening rods were used thereafter.
-
Franklin proposes Theory of Electricity
- Britain adopts Gregorian calender leading to riots
Mozart 1756 - 1791
- Amadeus 1984
- Mozart 1956 |
- 1756 Amadeus Mozart of Germany was born. He lived 36 years.
- 1757 Sextant invented by John Campbell
- 1764 First public restaurant opens in France
-
Voltaire's Dictionnaire Philosophique
-
James Watt develops Steam engine
- 1766 Cavendish isolates Hydrogen 1767
- 1770 - 1827 Beethoven
- Beethoven's Great Love 1936
- 1770 Beethoven was born. He lived 57 years, primarily in Vienna.
- 1771 First edition of Encyclopedia Britannica
- 1772 Nitrogen discovered
- 1773 First Iron bridge built at Coalbrookdale
- 1774 Priestly discovers Oxygen
- 1775 Thomas Crapper invents WC
- 1777 Lavoister shows that Oxygen and Nitrogen are the main components of air
- 1779 Riots against machinery
- 1781 Herschel discovers Uranus
- 1782 Watt patents rotary steam engine
- 1784 Bifocal spectacles developed
- The first mail delivered by coaches left London for Bristol, August
- 1786 Coal gas used to make light
- 1790 Guillotine put to the test
- 1791 Metric system formulated in France
-
James Hargreaves invents the Spinning Jenny
- 1792 Cotton Gin invented by Eli Whitney
- 1795 Hydraulic Press
- 1796 Jenner succeeds in developing a smallpox vaccine
- 1798 Lithography invented
- 1799 Income Tax introduced
- 1752 Benjamin Franklin invents the lightening rod.
- 1755 Samuel Johnson publishes the first English language dictionary on April 15th after nine years of writing. In the preface Samuel Johnson wrote, "I am not so lost in lexicography as to forget that words are the daughters of earth, and that things are the sons of heaven."
- 1757 John Campbell invents the sextant.
- 1758 Dolland invents a chromatic lens.
- 1761 Englishmen, John Harrison invents the navigational clock or marine chronometer for measuring longitude.
- 1764 James Hargreaves invents the spinning jenny.
- 1767 Joseph Priestley invents carbonated water - soda water.
- 1768 Richard Arkwright patents the spinning frame
- 1769 James Watt invents an improved steam engine
- 1774 Georges Louis Lesage patents the electric telegraph.
- 1775 Alexander Cummings invents the flush toilet.Jacques Perrier invents a steamship.
- 1776 David Bushnell invents a submarine.
- 1779 Samuel Crompton invents the spinning mule.
- 1780 Benjamin Franklin invents bi-focal eyeglasses.Gervinus invents the circular saw.
- 1783 Louis Sebastien demonstrates the first parachute.Benjamin Hanks patents the self-winding clock.Joseph Michel Montgolfier and Jacques Etienne Montgolfier invent the hot-air balloon.Englishmen, Henry Cort invents the steel roller for steel production.
- 1784 Andrew Meikle invents the threshing machine.Joseph Bramah invents the safety lock.
- 1785 Edmund Cartwright invents the power loom.Claude Berthollet invents chemical bleaching Charles Augustus Coulomb invents the torsion balance.Blanchard invents a working parachute.
- 1786 John Fitch invents a steamboat.
- 1789 The guillotine is invented.
- 1790 The United States issued its first patent to William Pollard of Philadelphia for a machine that roves and spins cotton.
- 1791 John Barber invents the gas turbine.Early bicycles invented in Scotland.
- 1792 William Murdoch invents gas lighting.The first ambulance.
- 1794 Eli Whitney patents the cotton gin.Welshmen, Philip Vaughan invents ball bearings.
- 1795 Francois Appert invents the preserving jar for food.
- 1796 Edward Jenner creates a smallpox vaccination.
- 1797 Wittemore patents a carding machine.A British inventor, Henry Maudslay invents the first metal or precision lathe.
- 1798 The first soft drink invented.Aloys Senefelder invents lithography.
- 1799 Alessandro Volta invents the battery. Louis Robert invents the Fourdrinier Machine for sheet paper making. |
- 1800 Volta makes first battery
- 1802 Zeppelin invents his airship
- First Steamship
- 1803 Dalton's Atomic theory
- The first passenger steamboat, The Clermont, performed its maiden voyage on the Seine River.
- 1804 first steam rail locomotive
- 1807 Gaslight was introduced in London
- 1808 Nobel invented dynamite.
- 1809 Samuel Sommering's electric telegraph
| - 1809 - 82 Charles Darwin |
- 1810 - 49 Fred Chopin
- Chopin: Desire for Love 2000
- 1811 Luddites smash spinning and weaving machinery
- 1813 - 83 Richard Wagner
- Wagner 1982
- 1816 Stethoscope invented
- 1819 Macadamized roads developed
-
The Savannah is the first steamship to cross the Atlantic
- 1821 Faraday invents electric motor
- 1822 Rosetta stone deciphered by Champollion
-
First Iron Steamship sails
- 1823 Rubberized cotton developed by Macintosh
- 1825 The first railway opened in England on September
- 1827 photographs produced on a metal plate
- 1828 Dutch manufacturer Houten develops the chocolate bar
- 1829 Braille invented
- 1832 Morse invents code
- 1835 Railway Boom
- 1837 Electric Telegraph
- 1838 First Canadian railway starts operating
-
Screw propellor invented
- 1839 Daguerre took first photograph.
-
Faraday's theory of electromagnetism
- 1840 first postage stamps
- First bicycle
- 1842 First use of Anaesthetic in an operation
- 1845 Galvanised corrugated Iron invented,
-
Pneumatic tyre invented
- 1849 Safety Pin patented;
-
Speed of Light accurately measured by Fizeau
- 1850 Kelvin's Law of conservation of energy
- 1853 Hypodermic syringe invented
- 1855 Mendel's discovery
- 1856 First refrigerator ship,
- synthetic colours invented
- 1857 Trollope's Barchester TowersTrans Atlantic cable completed
- 1858 The first Atlantic cable
- 1859 Oil pumped in Pennsylvania
- 1860 Bessemer's mass production of Steel
- 1861 Germ Theory of disease
- First Transcontinental Telegrah
- Western Union 1941
- Victor Emanuel
- 1863 Maxwell's theory of electro magnetism
- 1866 First successfully laid cable
- Nobel invents dynamite;
- Mendel published his research into Genetics
- 1867 Diamonds discovered in South Africa
- 1868 First Traffic signal in London
-
Helium discovered
- 1869 Suez Canal opened
- 1869 The Suez Canal opened in November.
- First
- 1870 Cable links Australia and London
-
elementary education act
-
Periodic table developed by Mendelev
- 1871 Pullman introduces the Sleeper car
- 1872 Secret ballot introduced
-
air brakes,
typewriter and colour photography
- 1873 Royal Canadian Mounted Police formed
- 1875 Bell patents telephone Transcontinetnal railroad
- 1877 The microphone.
- The telephone.
-
Edison invented the phonograph.
- 1878 Lighting by electricity began to be used.
- 1879 First Tramways in Berlin
- 1882 First hydro electric station in US
- 1883 Hot air balloon
- 1885 Gottleb Daimer invented the internal combustion engine. Karl Benz pioneered the engine for automobiles.
- Canadian Pacific railway completed
-
Daimler and Benz build automobile
-
unique quality of fingerprints established
- 1880 First electric street light in New York
- 1887 Radio waves discovered by Hertz
- 1889 Eiffel Tower completed
of laws of heredity
- 1895 Cinema, safety razors, wireless telegraphy and X-rays all invented
- 1896 Olympic games started
-
Radioactivity of Uranium discovered
- 1897 Thomson discovers electrons;
-
Aspirin marketed
-
Diesel engines invented
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- 1901 Vacuum cleaner
- 1903 First powered flight by the Wright brothers
- 1905 Einstein's Special theory of relativity
- Rutherford's Nuclear model of atom
- 1906 Vitamins discovered by Hopkins; - first sound radio broadcasting
- 1909 Ford Model 'T'
- 1910 Seaplane invented
-
First air mail
-
Stainless steel
- 1914 Panama canal opens
-
Zip, Traffic lights and 35mm camera are all invented
- 1915 Einstein's General Theory of Relativity
- 1916 First Tank developed
-
first Jazz recordings
- 1919 League of Nations formed
-
Rutherford splits the atom
- 1921 Marconi makes first Radio Broadcast
- 1922 Insecticide developed
- 1923 First 'Talkie' Movie
- 1926 First Television
- 1927 Lindbergh flies Atlantic
- Spirit of St. Louis 1957
- 1928 Discovery of Penicillin
-
Colour TV
- 1930 Pluto discovered
- 1931 Electron Microscope
- 1933 Radar
- 1934 Nylon developed
- 1936 Helicopter
- 1937 Photocopier
- 1939 DDT insecticide developed
- 1941 Aerosol can
- 1943 Aqualung by Cousteau and Gagnan
- 1945 The Atom Bomb was invented and dropped on two Japanese cities by the United States.
- 1946 Development of Computers
- 1947 Transistor invented
- 1948 LP's invented
- 1950 First Kidney transplant
- 1952 Britain's first atomic bomb
- 1953 Mount Everest climbed
-
DNA unravelled
- The Hydrogen bomb invented
- 1954 Fortran developed; first oral contraceptives
- 1955 Hovercraft
- 1956 Videotape
- 1957 Soviet Sputnik flight
- 1958 Silicon chip
- 1959 North Sea gas discovered
-
Integrated circuits developed
- 1960 Lasers developed
- 1961 Yuri Gagarin becomes first man in space
- 1962 Communications Satellites
- 1963 Cassette tape recorder
- 1964 Word Processor
- 1965 Miniskirts
- 1967 Satellite navigation
- 1969 U.S. astronauts land on the moon.
- 1970 Concorde
-
Floppy disk
- 1971 Decimalisation of currency
- 1972 Home video games
- 1975 Altair 8800 is the first personal computer
- 1978 First test tube baby
-
First Apple computer
- 1980 Smallpox officially eliminated
- 1981 Space shuttle Columbia
-
first reports of AIDS
- 1982 CD's on sale
-
US Cruise missiles installed
- 1984 Genetic fingerprinting
- 1985 Desk Top Publishing
- 1986 Chernobyl
- 1992 Cold war ended
- 1995 The United Nations' Science Council Report warned of catastrophic effects across the world during the next hundred years as global warming rapidly accelerates. Scientists said that advancing tides caused by polar ice cap melting during this period would inundate most of the world's coastal cities. Holes in the ozone layer continue to widen as sun-induced skin cancer reaches near-epidemic proportions worldwide.
- 1996 Rise and rise of the Internet
- 1997 Mars landing
- 1998 The Pacific Ocean's greatest "El Nino" current wreaked havoc on earth, producing mammoth fires, famine and drought in many places with huge floods in others.
- 1999 The world population topped 6 billion people.
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Religion |
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Spanish Inquisition 1492 - 1843 |
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Mayan Calendars 5000 year age 3114 BC - 1755 |
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Mayan Calendars 250 year age 1755 - 1999 |
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Age of Pisces 100 BC - 2680 |
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- 1475 - 1542 Gendrun Drup
- 1543 - 88 Sonam Gyatso |
- 1506 Julius commenced building St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome.
| - 1512 – 14 Twentieth Council at Lateran addressed Church reform |
- 1515 Protestantism - (Reformers) Martin Luther, Ulrich Zwingli, John Calvi
- 1517 Luther, a Catholic priest in Germany, broke from the Roman Catholic Church, and posted his "95 thesis" on the church door. Luther decreed salvation by faith alone. He stated that theological rules couldn't save. He nullified church sacraments. Luther put the Bible above both church and Pope as highest authority on earth. He decreed the right of individual interpretation of scripture. He rejected the Greek Old Testament and declared its books invalid.
- 1521 Luther went to the Diet at Worms
755 - 1529 The Lutheran Protest drawn up and Protestant churches were born. End of the Roman Catholic Church Omnipotence age. |
- 1530 First Protestant creed written at Augsburg in Bavaria.
| - 1545 - 1563 Twenty first Council of Trent tried to reform the Roman Catholic Church and quell the protest, but to no avail. This Vatican Council decreed faith necessary, but retained church sacraments as essential components of the Christian religion. |
- 1551 Robert Stephens sectioned the Bible into verses.
- 1555 There were two Popes in the next 4 years.
- 1563 Fierce religious wars were waged between all the burgeoning new faiths spread throughout Europe. Those seeking freedom from the European religious turmoil speeded up colonization of America. Democracy (An ancient Greek form of rule by the people) was rediscovered.
- 1568 Bishop's Bible was created.
Cardinal Richelieu
1585 - 1642
- Under the Red Robe 1937
- Cardinal Richelieu 1935 |
Martin Luther
1483 - 1546
- Luther 1973
- Luther 2003
- Martin Luther 1953 |
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- 1589 - 1617 Yonten Gyatso
- 1617 - 82 Ngawang Lobsong Gyatso
- 1683 - 1706 Tsangyang Gyatso |
- 1600's France witchcraft persecution
- The Devils 1971
- 1608 John Milton, a poet from England, was born. He lived 66 years.
- 1611 The Authorized King James Version of the Holy Bible was published.
- 1650 Tibetan Buddhism-Dalai Lama
- 1656 (Summer) Massachusetts Bay Colony Puritans whip, imprison, and banish the first Quakers to arrive in the colony.
- 1659 27 October. Quakers William Robinson and Marmaduke Stephenson are hanged for refusing to leave Massachusetts.
- 1694 Rosicrucians- Master Kelpius, Johann Andrea
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- 1708 - 57 Kelzang Gyatso
- 1758 - 1804 Jamphel Gyatso |
- 1694 - 1778 Voltaire
- Voltaire 1933 |
- 1700 Freemasony- Albert Mackey, Albert Pike
- 1731 Wickliffe's New Testament was printed.
- 1753 Jewish naturalization laws
- 1755 Mayan calander enters new era
- 1760 Swedenborgism - Emmanuel Swedenborg
- 1767 Father Junipero Serra founds first California missions
- Seven Cities of Gold 1955
- 1781 Kant's Critique of pure reason
- 1784 Shakers - Mother Ann Lee
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- 1805 - 15 Lungtok Gyatso
- 1816 - 37 Tsultrim Gyatso
- 1838 - 56 Khendrup Gyatso
- 1857 - 75 trinley Gyatso |
- 1817 Joseph Smith introduced the Book of Mormon.
- 1828 The Hindu BrahmoSamaj sect established in India
- 1830 Mormonism – Joseph Smith
- Joseph Smith founded The Mormon Church in Fayette, N.Y.
- Cambellites-Alexander & Thomas Cambell, Barton Stone
- 1838 Tenrikyo- Miki Maegawa Nakayama
- 1840 - 45 Millerites 2nd day Adventists –William Miller then became 7th Day Adventists
- 1844 Protestants of various fellowships experienced the "Great Disappointment." They expected the Second Coming of Christ to occur.
- Christadelphians
- Bahai- Baha'u'llah (Abul Baha)
| - 1844 - 1900 Friedrich Nietzsche |
- 1845 - 1870 7th Day Adventists-E.G. White
- 1848 Spiritualism - Kate and Margaret Fox John Thomas
- Wickliffe's Old Testament was printed.
- 1859 Darwin's Origin of Species
- 1863 Salvation Army started
- 1870 Jehovah's Witnesses- Charles Taze Russell
| - 1870 – 1960 Twenty second Council at the Vatican defined Papal governance |
| - 1962 – 65 Twenty third Council at the Vatican addressed the mdern world |
- 1875 Theosophical Society- H.P. Blavatsky, Henry Olcott
- 1879 Christian Science-Mary Baker Eddy
- 1889 - 1924 Unity School of Christianity- Myrtle Fillmore
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- Inherit the Wind (Trial on evolution) 1960
- 1900 Freud publishes his interpretations of Dreams
- Freud 1962
- Rosicrucian Fellowship-Max Heindel
- 1902 Anthroposophical Society –Rudolf Steiner
- 1905 Jung's Psychology of Unconscious
- 1906 The Pentecostal Assemblies of the World
- 1914 Iglesia ni Cristo- Felix Manalo
- Oneness Pentecostalism- Frank Ewart, G.T.Haywood, Glenn Cook
- 1917 True Jesus Church. Founders Paul Wei, Lingsheng Chang and Barnabas Chang
- 1927 Mind Science- Ernest Holmes
- 1929 Mussolini signed a treaty that officially separated church and state. It also secularized Italy and relegated the church to a tiny defined area of sovereignty in Rome. Thus Vatican City was formed. This action fundamentally cancelled the final remnants of Theodosus' decree, even in the Roman capitol itself.
- 1930 Black Muslims (Nation of Islam) –Wallace D. Fard
- 1934 World Wide Church of God- Herbert W. Armstrong
- 1935 Self Realization Fellowship- Paramahansa Yogananda
- 1944 AD.- Silva Mind Control –Jose Silva
- 1945 The Way -Victor P.Wierwille
- United Pentecostal International- Howard Goss, W.T. Witherspoon (can be traced back to 1914)
- 1948 Latter Rain –Franklin Hall, George Warnock.
- 1950 AD.-Urantia Book- Dr. Bill Sadler
- AD.-Lafayette Ronald Hubbard published his book Dianetics-SCIENTOLOGY
- 1954 Unification Church- Sun Myung Moon
- Atherius Society (UFO’s)- Dr. George King
- 1955 Scientology- L. Ron Hubbard
- 1958 Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research- Henry Kinley
-Henry Kinley begins (IDMR) the Institute of Divine Metaphysical Research
- 1958 - 1970 Church Universal and Triumphant –Mark and E.C. Prophet
- 1959 Unitariarian Universalist
- 1960 Transcendental meditation- Maharishi Mahesh Yogi
- Enkankar- Paul Twitchell
- 1961 Unitarian Universalism was officially formed.
- 1964 Eckankar The Ancient Science of Soul Travel (Eck). Founded by Paul Twitchell
- 1965 Assembly of Yahweh-Jacob Meyer
- 1966 Church of Satan –Anton LaVey
- 1968 Hare Krishna (US)- Swami Prabhupada
- Children of God- David (Moses) Berg
- 1970 Findhorn Community –Peter and Eileen Caddy –David Spangler
- Divine light Mission- Guru Maharaj Ji
- 1973 CARP was established in the United States. [The Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles] to introduce the teachings of un Myung Moon.
- 1974 Assemblies of Yahweh-Sam Suratt
- 1979 Church of Christ International - Kip McKean
- 1980 - 82 Tara Center-Benjamen Crème
- 1980 House of Yahweh (Abilene) Jacob Hawkins
- 1996 President of Russia led Easter mass in resurrected Moscow church.
- 1999 Mayan Calendar enters new era |
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Empires |
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Venetian Empire 800s - 1797 |
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Vijayanagara Empire 1336 - 1650 |
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Abyssinian Empire 1270 - 1974 |
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Siam Empire 1350 – 1909 |
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Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1923 |
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Kongo Empire 1100 - 1884 |
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Danish Empire 1200s - 1953 |
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Portuguese Empire 1415 - 1999 |
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Mali Empire 1300's - 1600's |
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Mughal Empire 1526 - 1857 |
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Swedish Empire 1561 - 1878 |
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British Empire 1583 - |
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French Empire 1605 - |
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Dutch Empire 1620 - |
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Maratha 1674 - 1761 |
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Russian Empire 1721 - 1917 |
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Sikh
1801 - 1849 |
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Austrian
1804 - 1867 |
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Brazilian Empire
1822 - 1889 |
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Austro-Hungarian
1867 - 1918 |
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German
1871 - 1918 |
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Venetian Empire
800s - 1797
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Italian
1885 - 1943 |
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Mediterranean |
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Venetian Empire 800s - 1797
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Ignatius of Loyola
1491 - 1556 |
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Italian
1885 - 1943 |
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- 1491 - 1556 Ignatius of Loyola founder of Jesuits
- Loyola: Soldier Saint 1948 |
- 1452 - 1519 Leonardo da Vinci
- The Life of Leonardo Da Vinci 1972 |
Michaelangelo
1475 - 1564
- The Agony and the Ecstasy 1965
- Titan -- Story of Michelangelo 1950 |
- 1593 - 1610 Caravaggio; proto-Baroque
- Caravaggio 1986
- 1503 - 13 Julius II governed 10 years.
- 1506 Julius commenced building St. Peter's Cathedral at Rome.
- 1513 - 22 Leo X governed 9 years.
- 1522 - 3 Adrian VI governed 1 year.
- 1523 - 34 Clement VIII governed 11 years.
- 1534 - 49 Paul III governed 15 years.
- 1549 - 55 Julius III governed 6 years.
- 1555 - 59 Two Popes in 4 years.
- 1559 - 65 Pius IV governed 6 years.
- 1565 - 72 Pius V governed 7 years.
- 1572 - 85 Gregory XIII governed 13 years.
- 1585 - 90 Sixtus V governed 5 years.
- 1590 - 1603 Clement VIII governed 13 years. |
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Galileo Galilae
1564 - 1642
- Galileo 1975
- Galileo Galilei 1969 -- Italian film |
- 1603 - 19 Paul V governed 16 years.
- 1621 - 23 Gregory XV governed 2 years.
- 1623 - 44 Urban VIII governed 21 years.
- 1642 - 53 Innocent X governed 11 years.
- 1655 - 67 Alexander VII governed 12 years.
- 1667 - 70 Clement IX governed 3 years.
- 1670 - 76 Clement X governed 6 years.
- 1676 - 89 Innocent XI governed 13 years.
- 1689 - 91 Alexas VIII governed 2 years.
- 1691 - 1700 Innocent XII governed 9 years. |
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- 1701 - 13 War of the Spanish Succession |
- 1704 Marlborough wins the battle of Blenheim
- Gibralter captured
- 1700 - 21 Clement XI governed 21 years.
- 1721 - 24 Innocent XIII governed 3 years.
- 1724 - 30 Benedict XIII governed 6 years.
- 1740 - 58 Benedict XIV governed 18 years.
- 1758 - 69 Clement XIII governed 11 years.
- 1763 - 69 Clement XIV governed 6 years.
- 1775 - 1800 Pius VI governed 25 years.
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- 1798 Napoleon came to power and took the Pope prisoner.
- 1823 - 29 Leo XII headed the church 6 years.
- 1825 - 27 Pius VIII governed 2 years.
- 1831 - 46 Gregory XIV governed 15 years. "one of the greatest Pontiffs."
- 1848 - 49 Pius IX governed one year |
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- 1830 France takes Algeria
- 1831 Greek Independence
- 1855 Austria invades Italy
- Senso 1968
- 1959 Cyprus joins Commonwealth
- 1870 The Italian Army
took Rome |
- 1910 Portugese revolution
-
Palace of Knossos excavated
- Spanish Civil War
- Land and Freedom 1995
- 1920 Italian unification
- Leopard 1936
- 1932 Union of Fascists formed
- Benito: The Rise and Fall of Mussolini 1993
- 1936 - 39 Spanish Civil War
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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North Europe |
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Danish Empire 1200s - 1953 |
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German Empire
1871 - 1918 |
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Thirty years war 1616 - 48 |
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Austro-Hungarian
1867 - 1918 |
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Dutch Empire |
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Russian Czars 1482 - 1698 |
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Austrian Empire
1804 - 1867 |
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French Empire 1605 - |
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Swedish Empire 1561 - 1878 |
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British Empire 1583 - |
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Henry VIII
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Elizabeth I
1558 - 1603
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Sir Isaac Newton
1642 - 1727 |
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Queen Victoria
1837 - 1901 |
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| - 1482 - 1698 The "Czars" of Russia |
- 1505 - 72 John Knox of Scotland lived 67 years.
Henry VIII 1509 - 47
- Henry VIII and his Six Wives 1973
- Private Life of Henry VIII 1933
- Six Wives of Henry VIII 1970 mini-series
- Anne of the Thousand Days 1969
- A Man for All Seasons 1966 1988 |
- 1515 - 47 Francios I France's 1st Renassaince Monarch
- The Sword and the Rose 1953
- 1523 Denmark and Norway separated from Sweden.
- 1551 Sir Edward Coke, Attorney General, who wrote The Oracle of English Law, was born.
- 1553 Jane Grey is Queen for 9 days
- Lady Jane 1986
Francis Drake
1540 - 1596
- Drake of England 1935
- Seven Seas to Calais 1962 |
Queen Elizabeth I
1558 - 1603
- Elizabeth 1998
- The Virgin Queen 1955
- The Private Lives of Elizabeth and Essex 1939 |
Queen Mary, Scotland
1542 - 1567
- Mary of Scotland 1936
- Mary, Queen of Scots 1971 |
- 1547 - 59 King Henry II
- Diane 1956
- 1553 - 1615 Queen Margot
- Queen Margot 1994
- 1756 Martin Guerre
- Le Retour de Martin Guerre (The Return of Martin Guerre) 1982
Spanish Armada 1588
- The Sea Hawk 1940
- Fire Over England 1937 |
Literature
- 1502 The Portuguese settled in India.
- 1519 Hernan Cortes, First Letter from Mexico to the Spanish Crown
- 1530 The spinning wheel was invented at Brunswick.
- 1542 Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca, The Relation of Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca (New URL)1550 Tales of La Llorona (the Weeping Woman), an important cultural figure and legend, begin to be told in Mexico City.
- 1551 Sir Edward Coke, Attorney General, who wrote The Oracle of English Law, was born.
- 1552 Casas, The Very Brief Relation of the Devastation of the Indies, a protest against the treatment of
- 1556 Akbar, the greatest prince of India began his 49-year reign.
- 1561 Sir Francis Bacon of England was born. He lived 65 years.
- 1568 Bishop's Bible was created.
- Bernal Diaz del Castillo writes The True History of the Conquest of New Spain (1632)
- 1588 Thomas Harriot, A Brief and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia
- 1589 Arthur Barlow, The First Voyage Made to the Coasts of America
|
King Louis XIII
1610 - 1643
- The 3 Musketeers 1935 1939 1948 1973 |
- 1608 - 72 John Milton, a poet from England lived 66 years
- 1609 - 76 Gerard Winstanley
- Winstanley 1975
- 1616 - 48 Thirty years war
- The Last Valley 1971 |
- 1632 - 1704 John Locke of England
lived 72 years.
- 1632 - 77 Spinoza of Amsterdam lived 45 years.
| - 1642 - 1727 Sir Isaac Newton of England lived 85 years & discovered the law of gravitation in 1666. |
King Louie XIV
1643 - 1715
- La Prise de pouvoir par Louis XIV (The Rise of Louis XIV) 1966
- Vatel 2000 |
- 1650's Kossacks against the Poles
- Ogniem i mieczem (With Fire and Sword) 1961
Oliver Cromwell
1653 - 1658
- Cromwell 1970
- To Kill a King 2003
- The Crimson Blade 1963 |
Queen Cristina of Sweden Abdicates 1632 - 1654
- Queen Christina 1933
- The Abdication 1974 |
Charles II 1660 - 1685
- Charles II: The Power and the Passion 2003
- Restoration 1995
- Forever Amber 1947
- Stage Beauty 2004 |
Rob Roy 1671 - 1734
- Rob Roy 1995
- Rob Roy, the Highland Rogue 1954 |
- 1684 - 1759 George Handel German-English composer lived 75 years. |
Russia, Sweden War
1700 - 21
- Taras Bulba 1962
- Potop (The Deluge) 1975
- Pan Tadeusz 2000 |
- 1702 Queen Anne
- 1707 Act of Union between England and Scotland
- 1714 King George I starts Georgian line of monarchy
- Saraband for Dead Lovers 1948
- French take Mauritius
- 1715 - 74 King Louis XV
- Madame du Barry 1934
- 1733 - 38 War of Polish succession
- 1738 - 1818 WM. Herschel lived 84 years.
- 1740 Frederick II king of Prussia; War of Austrian succession
- 1746 Charles Edward Stuart defeated
- The Battle of Culloden 1964
- 1748 Pompeii excavated
- 1751 China invades Tibet
- 1753 French occupy Ohio valley in North America
Anglo - French war in North America 1754 - 1763
- The Broken Chain 1993
- Last of the Mohicans 1936
- Last of the Mohicans 1992
- Northwest Passage 1940
- Mohawk 1956
- Frontier Times 1987
- Barry Lyndon 1976 |
Horacio Nelson
1758 - 1805
- The Nelson Affair 1973
- That Hamilton Woman 1941 |
- 1760 - 1801 King George III
- The Madness of King George III 1994
- 1768 Lousie the VI
- Madame du Barry 1934
Mutiny on the Bounty 1787
- Mutiny on the Bounty 1935 1962
- The Bounty 1984 |
- 1788 First convict ships arrive at Botany Bay
- Against the Wind 1978 TV mini-series
French revolution
1789 - 1793
- Ridicule 1966
- Marie Antoinette 2006 1955 1938
- The Affair of the Necklace 2001
- Jefferson in Paris 1995
- La Marseillaise 1938
- La Révolution française 1989
- A Tale of Two Cities 1980 1958 1935
- Reign of Terror 1949
- Scaramouche 1952
- Danton 1982
- L' Anglaise et le duc 2001
- Nuit de Varennes 1982 |
- 1738 WM. Herschel was born in Hanover, Germany.
- 1792 French Republic proclaimed
- 1793 Britain declares war against France
- 1794 Scottish martyrs transported to NSW
- 1796 French campaign in Italy, Bonaparte the victor
- 1798 Irish rebellion suppressed
- Napoleon came to power and took the Pope prisoner.
Napoleon 1769 - 1821
- Napoleon 2003 1927
- The Pride and the Passion 1957
- The Battle of Austerlitz 1960 - Napoleon
- Waterloo 1970
- Sharpe's Waterloo 2006
- Sea Devils 1953
- Conquest 1937
- Desiree 1954 |
|
- 1801 Irish act of Union
- 1801 - 05 Frist Barbary war at Tripoli
- Tripoli 1950
- 1803 Suppression of rebellion in Ireland
- 1804 Napoleon Bonaparte became Emperor of France.
- 1804 - 81 Ben Disraeli
- Disraeli 1929
- 1807 Prohibition of shipment of slaves in British ships or to British colonies
- 1812 War of 1812
- The Buccaneer 1938
- Buccaneer's Girl 1950
- 1813 English East India company loses monopoly
- 1815 British East India Company take Ceylon from the Dutch
- 1815 Waterloo
- Napoleon banished from England after the Battle of Waterloo.
- 1821 Famine in Ireland
- 1833 Abolition of slavery throughout Empire
Seminole wars 1835 - 1842
- Distant Drums 1951
- Seminole 1953 |
Queen Victoria
1837 - 1901
- Victoria the Great 1937
- Sixty Glorious Years 1938
- Mrs. Brown 1997
- The Mudlark 1950 |
- 1837 - 98 Elisabeth of Bavaria
- Sissi 1955
- 1845 - 48 Irish potato famine
Crimean War 1854 - 56
- Charge of the Light Brigade 1968 1936
- Charge of the Lancers 1954 |
- 1858 East India Company dissolved
- 1871 - 1919 Rosa Luxemburg, German labour reformer
- Rosa Luxemburg 1986
American Civil War
1861 - 1865
- Uncle Tom's Cabin 1987
- Dark Command 1940
- Ride with the Devil 1999
- Santa Fe Trail 1940
- Abe Lincoln in Illinois 1940
- Gods and Generals 2003
- The Horse Soldiers 1959
- Gettysburg 1993
- The Gangs of New York 2002
- The Great Locomotive Chase 1956
- Gone With The Wind 1939
- Glory 1989
- The Hunley 1999
- Birth of a Nation 1915 |
- 1881 Irish land and coercion acts
- 1888 French Indo-China formed
-
French take Madacasgar
- 1889 Austrian Crown Prince Rudolph marries a commoner
- Mayerling 1936 1969 1889
- 1891 Germany develops first pension scheme
- 1896 The Olympic games reappeared in the world. They had been absent since the Roman emperor, Theodosus, canceled them and closed their associated pagan temples in 396 A.D.
|
- 1905 Norway breaks from Sweden
- 1908 A comet struck Russia. Thousands of miles of forest were leveled.
- 1914 Imperial troops assembled for war
- 1914 Egypt becomes British Protectorate
-
Cyprus annexed
- 1916 US enters war
World War I 1914 - 18
- The Day That Shook the World 1977
- The Guns of August 1964
- Colonel Redl 1985
- And the Ship Sails On 1983
- The African Queen 1951
- All Quiet on the Western Front 1930
- All Quiet on the Western Front 1979
- The Blue Max 1966
- Crimson Romance 1934
- Dawn Patrol 1938
- Eagle & Hawk 1933
- Gallipoli 1981
- Ararat 2002
- Anzacs 1985
- Behind the Lines 1998
- Light Horsemen 1987
- Forty Thousand Horsemen 1941
- Britannic 2000
- Paths of Glory 1957
- Trench 1999
- Mata Hari 1932
- Mata Hari 1972
- Untel père et fils (Heart of a Nation) 1943
- Sergeant York 1941
- The Man I Killed 1932
- The Fighting 69th 1940
- A Farewell to Arms 1932 1957
- In Love and War 1996
- The Lost Battalion 2001
- Joyeux Noel 2006 |
Russian revolution
- Strike 1924
- Nicholas and Alexandra 1971
- Rasputin 1996 1985
- Agony: The Life and Death of Rasputin 1975
- I Killed Rasputin 1967
- Rasputin - the Mad Monk 1966
- Nights of Rasputin 1960
- Rasputin and the Empress 1932
- Fall of Eagles 1974 (TV miniseries)
- Reds 1981
- Dr. Zhivago 1965
- October 1928
- The End of St. Petersburg 1934
- The Red and the White 1967
- Anastasia 1956 1997
- Anastasia: The Mystery of Anna 1986 |
- 1918 Treaty of Versaille
-
1920 - 33 Prohibition
- 1920 Nazis formed by Hitler
Irish Civil War 1921 - 1924
- Parnell 1937
- Captain Boycott 1947
- The Informer 1935
- Juno and the Paycock 1930
- Michael Collins 1996
- The Wind that Shakes the Barley 2006
- Talk of Angels 1998
- My Left Foot 1989
- Nora 2000
- A Portrait Of The Artist As A Young Man 1979 |
- 1922 BBC founded
-
USSR formed
- 1926 Imperial conference gives Dominion status to settler colonies
- 1927 Stalin comes to power
- 1929 Secretary of State for Dominions instituted
- 1930 - 32 First Round Table conference between Britain and Indian parties
-
Coward's Private lives Jet engine
- 1931 Statute of Westminster gives Dominions control over own parliaments
-
Great Depression
- 1932 Saudi Arabia and Iraqi Independence
Nazis come to power in Germany 1933
- The Great Dictator 1940
- Hitler 1962
- The Last Lieutenant 1993 |
- 1933 Night of the Long Knives in Germany
- 1934 Stalin's purges
- 1936 Reoccupation of Rhineland
- 1938 IRA bombings in England
Holocaust 1938 - 1945
- Conspiracy 2001
- Anne Frank Remembered 1995 |
- 1938 Munich peace accords
- 1939 Mobilisation of Dominion and Imperial forces
War in Europe 1939 - 1945
- Tea with Mussolini 1999
- Big Red One 1980
- 1940 Blitz;
-
Evacuation of British forces from Dunkirk
- Dunkirk 1958
-
Fall of France, Belgium, Netherlands, Denmark and Norway to Germans
- A Rukajärven tie (Ambush) 1999
- Battle of Britain
- Dark Blue World 2001
- Angels One Five 1952
- 1943 Commonwealth troops invade Italy
- Bombing of Bremen
- Memphis Belle 1990
-
Battle of Kursk
- 1944 D - Day
- Saving Private Ryan 1998
- Battle of the Bulge
- When Trumpets Fade 1998 |
- 1940 Winston Churchill takes office
- Young Winston 1972
- 1941 Invasion of USSR
- Jinnah 1998
- 1948 Berlin airlift
- 1949 Ireland leaves the Commonwealth
- 1955 Warsaw Pact signed
- 1956 Hungarian revolt
- 1959 Antarctic treaty
- 1961 Berlin wall erected
- 1962 Commonwealth immigrants act
-
The Beatles
- 1964 Brezhnev ousts Krushchev
Vietnam war
- We Were Soldiers 2002
- Platoon 1986 |
- 1966 England wins World Cup
- 1968 Czechoslovakia invaded by Warpac
- 1969 Ulster troubles
First man on the moon 1969
- The Right Stuff 1983
- Apollo 13 1999
- From the Earth to the Moon 1998 |
- 1971 N. Ireland Internment policy:
- 1972 Asians expelled from Uganda
- 1973 Britain joins European Community
- 1974 IRA bombing of mainland
- 1975 IMF assists Britain
- 1979 Thatcher PM
- Riff-Raff 1990
- Los Chicos de la Guerra 1985
- 1989 Berlin Wall crumbles
- 1992 Break up of Yugoslavia
- Welcome to Sarajevo 1997
- Communism crumbled in the Soviet Union.
- Berlin Wall came down
- Cold war ended
End of Aparteid 1994
- Mandela 1987
- Mandela and De Klerk 1997 |
- 1997 Hong Kong handed back to Chinese
- 1998 Belarus and Russia agreed to unite their countries into a single state. |
|
1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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|
Middle East |
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|
Safavid Dynasty in Iran 1501 - 1732 |
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Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1923 |
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|
|
- 1500 Moors in Granada revolt over the forced conversions but are suppressed by Ferdinand of Aragon.
| - 1501 - 1732 Safavid dynasty in Iran; Shiism becomes official religion of Iran |
- 1505 Timurid prince Babur enters India, founds Mughal dynasty
- 1512 Ottoman sultan Beyazid II dies and is succeeded by his son, Selim I. Selim would become the first Ottoman caliph and would double the size of the Ottoman empire, mostly in Asia and Africa.
- 1514 Ottomans defeat Safavids at Battle of Chaldiran
- 1516 Portuguese under Alburquerque takes Harmuz on Persian Gulf
- 1516 - 1517 Ottoman sultan Selim conquers Syria, Egypt and Arabia including holy cities of Mecca and Medina
- 1516 The Ottoman Turks overthrow the Mamluk Dynasty of Egypt and capture most of the country.
- 1517 The Holy League is created. A union of several European powers, it is a Christian fighting force designed to combat the growing threat of Turkish expansion.
- Martin Luther’s 95 Theses at Wittemberg
- 1520 - 66 Rule of Suleyman the Magnificent - high point of Ottoman Empire
- 1520 Ottomans capture Belgrade
- 1522 Ottomans capture Rhodes
- 1526 Ottomans defeat Hungarians at Mohacs
- Battle of Mohacs: Suleiman the Magnificent defeats Louis II of Hungary after just two hours of fighting, leading to the Ottoman annexation of much of Hungary.
- 1528 Ottomans capture Buda
- 1529 Ottomans besiege Vienna
- Turkish calvary arrive at the Bavarian town of Regensburg. This is the farthest West that Turkish forces ever reach.
-
Suleiman the Magnificent sets off with 250,000 soldiers to lay siege to Vienna, capital of Charles V's Holy Roman Empire. gives up against 16,000 defenders.
- 1535 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, lands in Tunisia and sacks Tunis.
- 1537 Imperial troops under Charles V sack Rome.
- 1550 - 1557 Suleymaniye complex built in Istanbul
- 1541 Construction of the walls surrounding the Old City of Jerusalem is completed.
- 1556 Russians capture the Tartar city of Astrakhan, far south along the Volga river, giving them access to the Caspian Sea.
- 1558 Accession of Elizabeth I of England
- English defeat Spanish Armada
- 1590 - 1600 Safavids move capital to Isfahan
- 1565 Reinforcement from Sicily finally arrive at Malta, demoralizing the Turkish troops and inciting them to abandon the siege of the remaining Christian forts.
- 1566 Sultan Selim II gives the Janissaries permission to marry.
- 1570 Luis de Requesens, vice-admiral for king Philip II of Austria, leads a campaign into Alpujarras that ends the Morisco uprising by devastating the entire countryside.
-
A royal council in Spain decides to deal with the Moriscos by deporting them out of Grenada and scattering them all around Spain.
- 1571 Battle of Lepanto (Aynabakhti): Muslim Turks commanded by Ali Pasha are defeated in the Gulf of Corinth by an alliance of European forces. This is the biggest naval battle in the world since the Battle of Actium in 31 BCE. The Turks lose at least 200 ships, devastating their naval forces. The morale of European Christians is significantly raised while that of Turks and Muslims is lowered. At least 30,000 soldiers and sailors die in about three hours, more casualties than in any other naval battle in history. The battle does not, however, result in any major territorial or political shifts.
- 1578 Battle of al-Aqsr al-Kabir: Moroccans defeat the Portuguese, ending the latter's military excursions into Africa
- 1585 The Ottoman Empire signs a peace treaty with Spain. This would hinder the Ottomans from answering the calls for help from Queen Elizabeth I of England. Elizabeth had hoped to get the Ottomans to send several dozen galleys to aid in the defense of England against the Spanish Armada. |
- 1620 Pilgrims arrive in Massachussets
- 1647 Mughal emperor Shah Jahan builds Taj Mahal at Agra
- 1683 Ottomans defeated at second siege of Vienna
- 1699 Treaty of Carlowitz; first permanent loss of Ottoman territory |
- 1709 Ghilzai defeat Persian empire - Afghanistan is no longer obedient to Persia
- 1735 Persians defeat Ottomans at Baghavand
- 1737 Earthquake kills 300,000 in India
- 1739 Shah invades India and sacks Delhi
|
- 1838 - 4 First Afghan war starts
- The Lives of a Bengal Lancer 1935
- 1876 Victoria becomes Empress of India
-
Famine in India
- 1877 Second Afghan war
|
- 1906 Revolution in Iran
- 1913 Turkey loses most of European lands
- 1916 Balfour declaration promises Palestine to the Jews
- 1918 Palestine becomes British mandate
End of the Ottoman Empire 1923
- Harem Suare (Last Harem) 1998
- Lawrence of Arabia 1962 |
- 1937 Arab Jewish conflict in Palestine
- 1947 Indian Independence
- Lord Mountbatten - The Last Viceroy 1986
- Partition of India and Pakistan
- 1948 Israel created
Algerian war 1954 - 1962
- Cache 2005
- Legionnaire 1998
- Outpost in Morocco 1949
- Rachida 2002
- Outremer 1990
- La Trahison (The Betrayal) 2005 |
- 1955 EOKA terrorist campaign in Cyprus
- 1960 OPEC formed
- 1961 Saudis take over defence of Kuwait from Britain
- 1967 Six day war
-
Aden independence
- 1971 Bahrain and Qatar become independent
- 1974 Cyprus invade d by Turkey
- 1979 USSR invades Afghanistan
- The Beast 1988
- Shah if Iran overthrown
- Russia invades Afghanistan
- The Beast 1988
-
1980 - 8 Iran Iraq war
- Soraya 2003
- 1982 Israel invades Lebanon
- 1990 Iraq invades Kuwait
- 1991 Gulf War
- 1993 Palestinian Israeli peace accords
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|
1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
|
|
East Asia |
|
|
Portuguese traders 1498 - 1613 |
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|
|
|
|
Ming 1368 - 1644 |
|
Qing 1644 - 1911 |
|
|
|
Tu'i Tonga 950 – 1875? |
|
|
Siam Empire 1350 – 1909 |
|
|
Vijayanagara Empire 1336 - 1650 |
|
|
|
- 1528 Suriyothai
- The Legend of Suriyothai 2001
Japanese wars 1550's
- The Taira Clan Saga 1955
- Ugetsu 1953
- Kagemusha 1980
- Ran 1985 (Akira Kurosawa) |
- 1528 Ang Chan I moves Cambodian capital to Lovek
- 1539 - 1578 Trinh Dynasty (N)
- 1551 Emerald Buddha taken to Laos
- 1558 Burmese capture Chiang Mai
-1558 - 1778 Nguyen Dynasty (S)Burma - Capital at Ava (Ratnapura) Thailand - Burmese dominate N Cambodia
- 1569 Burmese sack Ayutthaya
|
Japanese civil wars
- James Clavell's Shogun 1980
- Seven Samurai 1954
- The Samurai Trilogy 1967
- Life of Oharu 1952 |
- 1600 Massacre of Spanish Garrison; unstable kingdom caught between Thailand and Vietnam
Laos
- 1690 Lan Sang splits due to internal rivalries. S. capital at Vientiane Vietnam - Trinh (N)
Nguyen (S) Burma
- 1752 - 1823 Konbaung dynasty unifies N and S. British, French, Dutch influence
- 1782 - 1819 King Badawpaya conquers Arakan, builds at Mingun. Mahamuni temple Thailand
- 1767 - 1932 Bangkok Period ( 1, 2 ).
- 1767 Burmese sack Ayutthaya again, but are driven out in 1777.
- 1778 Emerald Buddha taken back to Thailand
- 1782 Thais move capital to Bangkok ( Wat Phra Kaeo , early phase) |
Cambodia
- 1778 -1827 Viets conquer Mekong delta. Cambodia assumes roughly its modern boundary Laos : Vientiane becomes a Thai vassal state Vietnam
- 1771 Tray Son Revolution
|
|
Burma invades Thailand 1800's
- Bang Rajan 2000
- The Deceivers 1988
- Sunghursh 1968
- Sabaka 1954 |
- 1716 - 20 China invades Tibet
- 1722 Dutch reach Samoan Islands and Easter Island
- 1764 Victory of British at Buscar secures British revenue collecting rights in Bengal
- 1768 - 71 Cook's voyage to Australia and NZ
- 1769 Famine kills 10 million in Bengal
- 1770 First cargoes of Bengal Opium arrive in China
- 1770 Cook discovers Australia
- Captain James Cook 1987
- 1793 First free settlers arrive in Australia
- 1799 Tippoo Saib, the last Sultan of India, was killed May 4. The English, after long wars, controled India. |
- 1800 Pope Pius VII was head of the church for 23 years.
- 1814 First recorded Chinese convert to Western Christianity
- 1819 Raffles founds Singapore
- 1822 Discovery of a Tea bush growing wild in India ends Chinese monopoly
- 1829 Western Australia founded
- 1834 - 43 First Opium war
- Tai Pan 1986
- 1834 Tolpuddle martyrs transported to Australia
- 1839 - 42 The First Opium War results in China's defeat at the hands of the European powers.
- 1842 France occupies Tahiti, Guinea and Gabon
- 1848 - 49 Second Sikh War
- 1852 - 5 Second Anglo-Burmese War
- 1853 USA forces Japanese to start trading
- 1856 - 60 Second Chinese Opium War
- 1857 Sepoy rebellion in India
- The Bengal Brigade 1954
- 1858 Britain takes India
- Clive of India 1935
- Thuggee cult
- Gunga Din 1939
- French Indochina
- The Lover 1992
British India 1858 - 1947
- A Passage to India 1984
- Cotton Mary 1999
- The Jewel in the Crown 1984
- The Far Pavilions 1984
- Heat and Dust / Autobiography of a Princess 1983
Lagaan: Once Upon a Time in India 2001 |
- 1860 Anna and the King
- Anna and the King 2000
- Anna and the King of Siam 1946
- 1860's Japanese civil wars
- The Last Samurai 2003
- 1862 French start to colonise Vietnam
- 1875 Fiji islands annexed
- New Zealand parliament formed
- 1883 Krakatoa explodes
- 1893 Women's suffrage in New Zealand
- French colonise Ivory Coast, Laos and Guinea
- 1894 - 95 Sino-Japanese war
- 1896 - 99 Famine in India
- 1898 - 1901 Boxer rebellion
- 55 Days at Peking 1963 |
- 1901 Federated Commonwealth of Australia formed
- 1903 Britain takes Sokoto and ends Fulani Empire
Japan Expands
1905 - 1945
- Fall of Eagles 1974
- Sisters of the Gion 1936
- Memoirs of a Geisha 2005
- Zi Hudi (Purple Butterfly) 2003 |
- 1908 Universal adult suffrage in Australia
- 1910 Japan annexes Korea
- 1911 Chinese revolution
- The Last Emperor 1987
- 1911 - 49 Republic of China - The Soong Sisters 1997
- Shanghai Triad 1995 |
- 1920 Mahatma Gandhi becomes leader of Congress
- Australian Aborigines
- Rabbit-Proof Fence 2002
- 1926 Civil war in China
- The Sand Pebbles 1966
- 1928 Flying Doctor service in Australia
- 1929 Uprising of Mau in Samoa
- 1930 Nehru's declaration of Indian Independence
-
Gandhi's second disobedience campaign
- Gandhi 1982
- 1931 Japanese occupation of Manchuria
- 1933 Australian Antarctic Territory established
- 1935 Government of India act allowing limited local government
- 1937 - 45 Japanese invasion of China
- 1941 Fall of Hong Kong
War in the Pacific 1941 - 1945
- 1941 Fall of Singapore, Malaya and Burma;
- Merrill's Marauders 1962
- Battle of Coral Sea
- Battle of the Coral Sea 1959
- Guadalcanal
- The Thin Red Line 1998
- 1944-45 Fall of Philipines
- MacArthur 1977
- Raiders of Leyte Gulf 1963
- The Walls of Hell 1965
- Kamikazees
- Battle Stations 1956
-
Midway;
- Midway 1976
-
Fermi builds Nuclear reactor
- Fat Man and Little Boy 1989
- Iwo Jima
- Sands of Iwo Jima 1949
- Flags of Our Fathers 2006
- 1944 Battle of Saipan
- Battle Cry 1955
- Makin Atoll battle
- Gung Ho 1943
- Tawara beach battle
- Tarawa Beach Head 1958
- Windtalkers 2002
- The Outsider 1961
- Okinawa
- Okinawa 1952
-
Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki;
End of War;
- Hiroshima 1995
- The Winds of War 1983 |
- 1944 Burma recaptured
- 1946 North Borneo becomes a colony
- 1948 Ghandi Assasinated
-
Ceylon and Burma become Independent;
-
Communist insurgency in Malaya
- Exodus 1960
- Nine Hours to Rama 1963
| - 1949 - Present China turns Communist and
becomes the Peoples Republic of China |
- 1949 - Present China turns Communist and
becomes the Peoples Republic of China
China invades Tibet 1949
- Seven Years in Tibet 1997 - Kundun 1997 |
- 1950 - 53 Korean war
- 1954 Dien Bien Phu forces French out of Vietnam
- 1958 China's Great Leap Forward
- 1966 Cultural revolution in China
- 1968 Tet in Vietnam
- 1970 Fiji and Tongan Independence
- 1972 Bangladesh leaves Pakistan
- 1975 End of Vietnam war
-
Khmer Rouge take over Cambodia
-
Papua New Guinea gains Independence
- 1976 Death of Mao Zedong
- 1977 Deng Xiaoping leads China
- 1979 Kiribati volcano
- Gilbert Islands becomes Independent
- 1987 Fiji leaves Commonwealth
- 1989 Tiananmen square |
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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Central Asia |
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Sikh
1801 - 1849 |
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Russian Empire 1721 - 1917 |
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Maratha 1674 - 1761 |
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Mughal Empire 1526 - 1857 |
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- 1475 - 1542 Gendrun Drup
- 1543 - 88 Sonam Gyatso |
- 1500 the Uzbeks cross the Syr Darya river and enter Transoxiana
- 1502 the Golden Horde is destroyed by the Crimean Khanate
- The Portuguese settled in India.
- 1504 Babur conquers Kabul
- 1505 the Shaybanid Horde (Uzbeks) under Muhammad Shaybani expel the Timurids from Transoxiana and capture Samarkand
- 1506 the Uzbek Shaybanids capture Bukhara (Uzbekistan) and Herat (Afghanistan), bringing to an end the Timurid dynasty and forcing Babur to flee
- 1510 the Uzbek khan Muhammad Shaybani dies in battle against the Safavids at Merv
- 1514 under the eastern Chagataid Khan Sayid the capital moves from Ili to Kashgar
- 1522 Babur captures Kandahar
- 1526 Babur captures Delhi from Ibrahim, the sultan of Delhi, and founds the Mogul empire in India
- 1530 Babur dies and his son Humayun succeeds him
- 1538 Abdullah Shaybanid II expands the Shaybanid (Uzbek) empire and moves the capital to Bukhara
- 1540 Babur's son Humayun loses the empire to Afghan Leader Sher Shah and goes into exile in Persia
- 1543 Dayan dies and the Mongol empire disintegrates again
Ivan the Terrible
1544 - 1584
- Ivan the Terrible, Part I 1943 Part II 1946
- Tsar Ivan Grozny 1993 |
- 1552 Russian conquers the khanate of Kazan
- 1555 the Mogul king Humayun reconquers India
- 1556 Russian conquers the khanate of Astrakhan
- The Mogul king Humayun dies and his son Akbar the greatest prince of India began his 49-year reign.
- 1578 Altan Khan converts to Buddhism
- 1598 Abdullah Shaybanid II of the Uzbeks dies and the Astrakhanid dynasty inherits power in Transoxiana, retaining the in Bukhara
Khans of Crimea
- 1500 The Uzbeks capture Samarkand under Muhammad Shaybani Khan (1451-1510), thus taking over Transoxiana from the Timurids.
- 1501 - 11 Babur and the Uzbeks continuously battle to control Samarkand.
- 1502 The final collapse of the Golden Horde at the hands of the khan of the Crimean Tatar Khanate.
- The beginning of the Safavid dynasty in Persia.
- 1504 Babur establishes himself in Kabul.
- 1506 The Uzbeks capture Bukhara.
- 1507 The Uzbeks capture Herat, bringing to an end the Timurid dynasty.
- 1510 Muhammad Shaybani Khan is killed in the Battle of Merv against Shah Ismail, the Safavid ruler, resulting in the establishment of the Shaybanid dynasty in Transoxiana, with the capital in Samarkand, but political power increasingly centered in Bukhara.
- The rise of the Khojas in Kashgar, later split into the Aq-Taghliqs (white-caps) and the Qara-Taghliqs (black-caps).
- 1514 - 33 The rule of the Eastern Chagatayid Khan Sayid, under whom the capital moves from Ili to Kashgar.
- 1517 The Ottomans defeat the Mamlukes, thus adding Egypt to their Empire.
- 1522 Babur captures Qandahar.
- 1526 Babur captures Delhi and founds the Moghul Empire in India.
- 1552 Ivan IV (the Terrible, reigned 1533 - 84) subjugates the Kazan Khanate.
- 1556 Ivan IV defeats the Astrakhan Khanate.
- 1557 - 98 The reign of the last and greatest Shaybanid ruler in Bukhara, Abdullah Khan II (1533 - 98).
- 1558 - 59 The first Russian commercial contacts with Transoxiana under Anthony Jenkinson.
- 1563 - 98 The reign of the last Shaybanid ruler of the Siberian Khanate, Kuchum Khan.
- 1570 The height of Oyrat Mongol power in Jungaria and Mongolia.
- 1571 The Crimean Tatars sack Moscow.
- 1584 Yermak, the Russian Cossack leader, defeats Kuchum Khan at the Battle of Tobol River.
- 1590s The Kazakh Empire divides into three hordes: the Great Horde (east), the Middle Horde (center), and the Lesser Horde(west).
- 1598 The Astrakhanid dynasty, related to the Shaybanids by marriage, inherits power in Transoxiana, with their power base in the Khanate of Bukhara. |
|
- 1589 - 1617 Yonten Gyatso
- 1617 - 82 Ngawang Lobsong Gyatso
- 1683 - 1706 Tsangyang Gyatso |
- 1619 the Shaybanid (Uzbek) khan Yalangtush Bahador begins construction of the Sher Dor madrasa in Samarkand's Registan
- 1619 - 21 The first diplomatic contacts between Moscow and Bukhara.
- 1643 The Oyrats who stayed in Jungaria conquer Semirechye.
- 1644 The Manchu Qing dynasty is established in China.
- 1645 The Russians reach the Pacific Ocean.
- 1646 the Uzbeks begin construction of the Tilla Kari madrasa in Samarkand's Registan
- 1680s Clashes between Russian and Chinese troops in Manchuria.
- 1680 - 1718 The rule of Khan Teuke over the reunited Kazakh hordes.
- 1682 - 1725 Peter the Great
- Peter the Great 1986
- 1687 The end of Shaybanid rule in Khiva.
- 1689 The Treaty of Nerchinsk between Russia and China ends border clashes in Manchuria.
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- 1708 - 57 Kelzang Gyatso
- 1758 - 1804 Jamphel Gyatso |
- 1707 Death of Moghul emperor Aurangzeb leads to the end of Moghul rule in India
- 1710 - 11 War with Ottoman Empire
- 1710s Oyrat raids on the Kazakhs.
- 1715 The first Russian military expedition to the Kazakh Steppe under Peter the Great.
- 1717 The first Russian military expedition to Khiva ends in a massacre of Tsarist troops.
- 1718 The Oyrats defeat the Kazakh Middle Horde north of Lake Balkash.
- 1721 French and English East India companies become serious rivals in India
- 1722 The Afghans invade Persia, bringing to an end the Safavid dynasty.
- Treaty of Kiakhta defines Russian Chinese border
- 1724 Asaf Jah retires from Moghul empire to become Independent ruler of Hyderabad
- 1723 - 25 Kalmuk and Oyrat raids into northern Transoxiana.
- 1729 Nadir Qoli Beg (later Nadir Shah) drives the Afghans out of Persia.
- 1731 The Kazakh Lesser Horde accepts Russian protection.
- 1732 Nadir Qoli Beg takes Herat.
- 1734/35 The founding of the Russian fort at Orenburg.
- 1739 Nadir Shah takes Ghazna and Kabul and occupies Delhi.
- 1740 The Kazakh Middle Horde accepts Russian protection.
- The Astrakhanid dynasty collapses
- 1740 - 47 The invasion and subsequent domination of Transoxiana by Nadir Shah.
- 1742 Part of the Kazakh Great Horde accepts Russian protection.
- 1747 The establishment of the Durrani dynasty in Afghanistan.
- The Uzbek Mangit dynasty begins to rise to power in the Khanate of Bukhara.
- The Chinese defeat the Oyrats in Jungaria.
- 1759 The Chinese conquer the Tarim Basin, resulting in the Khojas fleeing to Kokand.
Catherine the Great 1762 - 96
- Young Catherine 1991
- The Scarlet Empress 1934
- Catherine the Great 1934
- Catherine the Great 2000
- Tempest 1959 |
- 1763 The Uzbek Kungrat dynasty begins to rise to power in the Khanate of Khiva (or Khorezm).
- 1768 Eastern (Chinese) Turkestan is officially renamed "Xinjiang" by the Chinese.
- 1771 The Chinese attempt to bring the Kazakhs into a vassal relationship.
- Some Kalmuks migrate back to Jungaria and the Ili Valley from the Volga.
- 1775 Pugachev uprising
- Captain's Daughter 2000
- 1782 - 83 The Crimean Tatar Khanate is absorbed by Russia.
- 1784 - 85 The Mangits succeed the Astrakhanids as rulers of the Khanate of Bukhara and adopt the title of Emir.
- 1798 The establishment of the Uzbek Khanate of Kokand.
- 1799 Tippoo Saib, the last Sultan of India killed. The English, after long wars, controled India.
|
- 1805 - 15 Lungtok Gyatso
- 1816 - 37 Tsultrim Gyatso
- 1838 - 56 Khendrup Gyatso
- 1857 - 75 trinley Gyatso |
- 1804 The Kungrats (in Khiva) adopt the title of Khan.
- 1820 - 28 The Khojas revolt against Chinese rule in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin).
- 1820s - 40s Kazakh revolts against Russian rule.
- 1822 The Khanate of the Kazakh Middle Horde is abolished by Russia.
- 1824 The Khanate of the Kazakh Lesser Horde is abolished by Russia.
- 1826 The establishment of the Barakzai (or Mohammadzai) dynasty in Afghanistan.
- 1838 - 47 Kazakh resistance to Russian rule under Kenesary Kasimov
- 1802 - 47 Kenesary Kasimov
- 1839 - 42 The First Anglo-Afghan War results in the British capturing Kabul and Qandahar.
- 1842 The imprisonment and execution of Stoddart and Conolly by Emir Nasrullah of Bukhara.
- 1843 - 47 The revolt of the Six Khojas in Altishahr.
- 1848 The Khanate of the Kazakh Great Horde is abolished by Russia.
- 1850 - 64 The Taiping Rebellion in China.
- 1854 The founding of Alma-Ata (then called Fort Vernoe) by the Russians.
- 1855 Russia is defeated in the Crimean War.
- Kazakhstan comes fully under Russian control, who now hold the Syr Darya line (from the Aral Sea to Lake Issyk Kul).
- 1855 - 73 Muslim rebellions in Yunnan and Shaanxi provinces in China.
- 1857 The Khojas revolt in Altishahr.
- 1857 - 60 The Second Opium War, again resulting in China's defeat.
- 1861 Russia abolishes Serfdom
- 1863 Uprising against the Russians
- On the Banks of the Niemen 1986
- 1864 Yaqub Beg (c. 1820-77) establishes an independent state in Altishahr.
- 1865 The Russians create the Province of Turkestan.
- The Russians capture Tashkent.
- 1867 The Russians create the Governorate-General of Turkestan, with Tashkent as its capital.
- 1868 The Russians create the Governorate-General of the Kazakh Steppe, with Orenburg as its capital.
- The Russians capture Samarkand.
- The Khanate of Bukhara becomes a Russian protectorate.
- 1869 The Russians establish a fort at Krasnovodsk on the Caspian Sea.
- 1871 Russian forces occupy the Ili Valley.
- 1873 The Khanate of Khiva becomes a Russian protectorate.
- 1876 The Khanate of Kokand is annexed by Russia.
- The Chinese begin their reconquest of Xinjiang.
- 1877 Queen Victoria is proclaimed "Empress of India."
- Yaqub Beg dies of poisoning.
- 1878 Kashgar falls to the Chinese, under Tso Tsung-t'ang.
- The Congress of Berlin halts further Russian advancement into Afghanistan.
- 1878 - 80 The Second Anglo-Afghan War.
- 1880 The Transcaspian Railroad is begun.
- 1881 The Russian slaughter of the Turkmens at the Battle of Gok-Tepe, resulting in the creation of the Transcaspian province.
- The Treaty of St. Petersburg between Russia and China results in the return of the Ili Valley to China.
- 1884 The Russians introduce American cotton into Turkestan.
- The Russians occupy the Merv oasis, thus completing the conquest of Turkestan.
- Xinjiang officially becomes a Chinese province.
- 1885 Muslim revolt in the Ferghana Valley against Tsarist rule.
- The Trans-Caspian Railroad reaches Mary (Merv).
- 1887 The border between Afghanistan and Russian Turkestan is determined by the British and the Russians.
- 1888 The Trans-Caspian Railroad reaches Samarkand.
- 1890 - 92 Mass immigration of Russian and Ukrainian settlers into the Kazakh steppe.
- 1891 Trans-Siberian railway begun
- 1892 Riots in Tashkent due to a cholera epidemic.
- 1898 Muslim uprising in Andijan against the Russians. |
- 1876 - 1933 Thubten Gyatso
- 1935 Tenzin Gyatso |
- 1900 Russia annexes the eastern Pamirs.
- 1905 The 1905 Russian Revolution.
- The Russo-Japanese War.
- 1906 The completion of the Orenburg-Tashkent Railroad, linking Turkestan to European Russia.
- 1909 The founding of the Young Bukharans in Bukhara.
- 1917 The Bolshevik Party affirms it support of the right of all nations within Russia to separate and form independent states.
-
The First Central Asian Muslim Congress in Tashkent demands the cessation of Russian colonization and the return of confiscated lands.
-
The Bolshevik "October" Revolution in Russia, resulting in the Tashkent Soviet seizing power from the Tashkent Committee.
-
The Third Regional Congress of Soviets in Tashkent decides to exclude Muslims from local government.
-
The Fourth Central Asian Muslim Congress in Kokand results in the creation of the Muslim Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkestan.
- 1918 The Muslim government in Kokand is crushed by the Tashkent Soviet and the Red Army, resulting in the slaughter of many Muslims.
-
The Russian Civil War begins.
-
The Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR) is established
- 1919 The Third Congress of the Communist Party of Turkestan decides to exclude Muslims from government posts in Turkestan.
- 1920 The Reds emerge victorious in the Russian
-
Soviet troops capture Khiva, resulting in the abolition of the Khanate of Khiva and the end of the Kungrat dynasty.
-
The Alash Orda government gives up resistance to the Bolsheviks.
-
The People's Republic of Khorezm (Khiva) is established under the leadership of the Young Khivans.
-
The Kazakh (then called Kirghiz) ASSR is created.
-
Soviet troops capture Bukhara, resulting in the abolition of the Khanate of Bukhara and the end of the Mangit dynasty.
-
The People's Republic of Bukhara is established under the leadership of the Young Bukharans and the Bukharan Communist Party, with Faizullah Khojaev (1896-1938) as chairman and then premier.
- 1922 The Turkish nationalists, under Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) abolish the Ottoman Sultanate.
-
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics is created, with the Turkestan and Kirghiz (Kazakh) ASSRs included as parts of the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic (RSFSR).
Stalin 1922 - 53
- Utomlyonnye solntsem (Burnt by the Sun) 1994
- The Inner Circle 1991
- Csend és kiáltás (Silence and Cry) 1967 soldiers
- A Tanú (The Witness) 1969
- Animal Farm 1955 1999
- East/West 1999 |
- 1923 The Republic of Turkey is proclaimed, with Mustafa Kemal as its first president.
- 1924 The death of Lenin and subsequent rise of Stalin to full power in the USSR.
-
Mustafa Kemal abolishes the Ottoman Caliphate.
- 1928 Soviet anti-Islamic campaign launched, resulting in the disbanding of Islamic courts and waqfs.
- 1928-30
The Latin script replaces the Arabic alphabet in Soviet Central Asia.
- 1928 - 33 The forced collectivization of Soviet Central Asians.
- 1930 The completion of the Turkestan-Siberian Railroad.
- 1937 - 38 Stalin purges the Muslim Communist leaders.
- 1939 - 40 The Cyrillic script replaces the Latin Alphabet in Soviet Central Asia.
Trotsky Assasination
1939
- The Assassination of Trotsky 1972
- Frida 2000 |
- 1942 The Soviet government grants Islam official legal status in the USSR and establishes the four Spiritual Directorates.
- 1944 The forced evacuation of Crimean Tatars, Meskhetian Turks, and other Caucasian Muslims to Soviet Central Asia.
- 1953 The death of Stalin and subsequent rise of Khrushchev.
- 1962 Mass exodus of Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Soviet Central Asia.
-
Border clashes between Chinese and Indian forces in Kashmir.
- 1965 Indo Pakistan war |
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1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
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The Americas |
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French and Indian Wars
1689 - 1763 |
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Brazilian Empir
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US Indian wars 1622 - 1890 |
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Slavery 1500 - 1888 |
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Incan
1533 |
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Aztec
1521 |
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- 1502 Moctezuma II became ruler. Aztec Empire at height.
- 1512 Spanish Laws of Burgos forbid enslavement of Indians and advocate Christian conversion
- 1514 Bartolome de las Casas petitions Spanish crown on behalf of Native Americans
- 1517 The Spanish first arrive on the shores of Yucatan under Hernandez de Cordoba, who later dies of wounds received in battle against the Maya. The arrival of the Spanish ushers in Old World diseases unknown among the Maya, including smallpox, influenza and measles. Within a century, 90 per cent of Mesoamerica's native populations will be killed off.
- 1519 - 21 Cortes's conquest of Aztecs in Mexico.
- 1519 Hernan Cortes begins exploring Yucatan.
- Captain from Castile 1947
- Aguirre, the Wrath of God 1972
-
Cortez comes to Mexico. Moctezuma II killed.
- 1520 Cuitlahuac elected ruler.
- 1520s Mayans
- Apocalypto 2006
- 1521 Tenochtitlan destroyed.
- 1522 Tenochtitlan rebuilt, named Mexico City. Declared capital of Spanish colony of New Spain.
- 1523 Huayna Capac dies and divides his empire between his two sons, Atahuallpa and Huascar
- 1524 Cortes meets the Itza people, the last of the Maya peoples to remain unconquered by the Spanish. The Spanish leave the Itza alone until the seventeenth century.
- 1525 - 32 civil war wages between Atahuallpa and Huascar
- 1528 Cabeza de Vaca explors Mexico and US
- Cabeza de Vaca 1992
-
The Spanish under Francisco de Montejo begin their conquest of the northern Maya. The Maya fight back with surprising vigour, keeping the Spanish at bay for several years.
- 1528 - 36 A member of the Narvaez expedition, Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca is shipwrecked first near Tampa Bay and later on Galveston Island off the coast of what is now Texas. After six years spent among the Indians of the region, he and his companions travel westward across Texas and Mexico.
- Expedition to Peruvian Amazon lost
- 1532 Atahuallpa defeats Huascar
-
Spaniards, led by Francisco Pizarro, capture Atahuallpa
- 1533 Conquest of the Incas
- Royal Hunt of the Sun 1969
- 1540 - 42 Seeking gold first in the city of Cibola, reportedly larger and richer than Mexico City, and then in Quivera, Francisco Vasquez de Coronado leads an expeditionary force through the Texas and Oklahoma panhandles, with much loss of life among the area's native peoples. He returns to Mexico City in 1542 and dies in 1544.
- 1541 The Spanish are finally able to subdue the Maya and put an end to Maya resistance. Revolt continues, however, to plague the Spaniards off and on for the rest of the century.
- 1542 The Spanish establish a capital city at Merida in Yucatan.
- Urged on by Bartolome de las Casas and others, Carlos V enacts the "New Laws" designed to end the encomienda system that enslaves native people.
- 1584 Sir Walter Ralegh sends a reconnaissance fleet under Captains Amadas and Barlow to the future Croatoan Sound, North Carolina. Based on their glowing account, he sends out a colonizing expedition the next year of 100 men who settle on Roanoke Island. Sir Francis Drake later takes the colonists back to England at their request.
- 1587 Ralegh sends out a fresh colony of 117 men, women, and children in three ships, with John White as governor.
Pocahontas 1595 - 1617
- The New World 2005
- Pocahontas: The Legend 1955
- Captain John Smith and Pocahontas 1953 |
|
- 1600s Jesuits in Brazil
- The Mission 1986
- Jesuits in Canada
- Black Robe 1991
- 1606 The Dutch discovered Australia.
- 1607 Jamestown, Virginia became the first settlement of the "New World."
- Establishment of Jamestown
- 1608 Colony of Quebec is established.
- 1610 Santa Fe is established as the new capital of New Mexico, with Pedro de Peralta as the governor of the new colony.
- 1621 First Thanksgiving, at Plymouth
- 1628 (May 1) Thomas Morton and colonists at Merrymount dance around a maypole and celebrate May Day, upsetting the Plymouth Pilgrims. In June, Capt. Miles Standish is sent to eradicate the settlement and Morton is sent back to England.
- 1630 - 43 English Puritans immigrate to Massachusetts Bay Colony
- 1630 Population: 3,000 colonists in Virginia; 300 at Plymouth. During 1630-1640, another 16,000 colonists will arrive.
- 1636 Founding of Providence, R. I. by Roger Williams, who establishes Rhode Island as a place of religious toleration.
- 1636 - 37 Pequot War.
- 1637 Pequot War. Roger Williams helps to convince the Narragansetts, traditional enemies of the Pequots, to join the New Englanders' side of the conflict.
- Swedish colonists establishes a settlement called New Sweden on the Delaware River.
- 1638 Banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony for her religious beliefs, Anne Hutchinson leaves Boston and helps to establish Pocasset, or Portsmouth, Rhode Island.
- Signing of the Treaty of Hartford formally ends the Pequot War. Remaining members of the Pequot tribe are divided up among the Puritans’ Indian allies. end of the Pequots as a distinct people.
- 1646 Robert Child and others protest the intolerance of Massachusetts Puritans toward those of other faiths; in response, Governor John Winthrop and others justify their policies and banish Child.
- 1647 First woman barrister in the colonies, Margaret Brent of Maryland, seeks and is denied the right to vote in the assembly.
- 1648 as the Cambridge Platform, which codifies and defines New England Congregationalism.
- 1652 Massachusetts general court rules that the territory of Maine lies within the boundaries of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, thus ending Maine's immediate hopes of independence.
- 1660 Mary Dyer is hanged after defying an expulsion order by returning to Boston
- 1661 Hanging of Massachusetts Quakers who refuse to leave the colony is outlawed by Parlaiment
- 1664 Maryland Colony passes a law mandating lifetime servitude for black slaves; previous precedent had allowed freedom for those who converted to Christianity and established legal residences there.
- New Amsterdam becomes New York after Governor Peter Stuyvesant's surrender to English forces.
- 1665 Legislation in several states tightens the bonds of slavery. English law provides that slaves may be freed if they convert to Christianity and establish legal residence, but Maryland, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia pass laws allowing conversion and residence without freeing the slaves.
- 1670 Hudson's Bay Company is chartered.
- 1673 Marquette and Joliet travel from Lake Michigan down the Mississippi as far as the Arkansas River, completing a 2500-mile journey of exploration.
- 1675 - 78 King Philip's War in Maine
- 1675 Massachusetts settlements of Deerfield and Hadley experience the first of three raids from the Wampanoag and Nipmuck peoples.
- 1676 Bacon's Rebellion.
- 1681 William Penn receives a charter for land on which he will found Pennsylvania
- 1683 Penn and Native Americans negotiate a peace treaty at Shackamaxon under the Treaty Elm
- 1684 Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Colony is revoked after critical reports reach England. This ends the requirement of church membership for voting.
- 1686 Governor Edmund Andros begins issuing a series of unpopular orders aimed at the consolidation of colonies into one large settlement. He dissolves the assemblies of New York and Connecticut, limits the number of town meetings in New England to one per year, places the militia under his direct control, and forces Puritans and Anglicans to worship together in the Old South Church.
Captain Morgan
1635 - 88
- Morgan the Pirate 1961
- Black Swan 1942 |
- 1689 April. Rebellious colonists force Andros to take shelter in a fort for his own protection. Cotton Mather supports the rebellion.
-
Andros is ordered back to England to stand trial. The colonies reestablish their previous systems of government.
| - 1689 - 1763 The series of wars known as the French and Indian War begins with King William's War. Schenectady, N. Y. and other areas are burned by French and Native Americans; Massachusetts colonists capture Port Royal, Nova Scotia; and Canadian forces destroy Casco, Maine. |
- 1692 Salem witchcraft trials begin. 20 people are executed.
- The Crucible 1996
- 1693 The College of William and Mary is founded.
- 1695 The ruins of Tikal are discovered by chance by the Spanish priest Father Avedaño and his companions, who had become lost in the jungle.
- 1697 Massachusetts general court expresses official repentance for the witchcraft trials; Samuel Sewall confesses guilt from his Boston church pew.
- 1598 Don Juan Oñate establishes the colony of New Mexico by taking over a pueblo, which he renames San Juan, near modern-day Santa Fe. In retaliation for an attack on the settlement, he destroys the Acoma pueblo, killing 800 and capturing 500.
- 1699 Peace treaty at Casco Bay, Maine, brings hostilities between the Abenaki Indians and the Massachusetts colony to an end. |
- 1710 British capture French Acadia
- 1711 Tuscarora war between settlers and Indians in North Carolina
- 1712 Last execution for witchcraft
-
The Maya of the Chiapas highlands rise against the Mexican government. They will continue to do so off and on until the 1990s.
- 1713 Utrecht treaty gives Britain Newfoundland, St. Kitts and Hudson bay. Leaves Britain dominant in force in America
- 1715 Yamasee nation attacks South Carolina colony, killing hundreds of colonists
- 1716 - 18 Blackbeard
- Blackbeard the Pirate 1952
- 1717 Shenandoah valley forcibly settled, Indians evicted
-
Spanish establish viceroyalty of New Granada in South America
- 1718 New Orleans founded by Mississippi company
-
Franco - Spanish dispute results in Texas going to Spain
Daniel Boone
1734 - 1820
- Young Daniel Boone 1950
- Daniel Boone 1936
- Daniel Boone, Trail Blazer 1956 |
- 1724 The Spanish Crown abolishes the system of encomienda, which had given Spanish land barons the right to forced Maya labor, as long as they agreed to convert the Maya to Christianity.
- 1726 Spanish found Montevideo in order to prevent Portugese expansion
- 1727 George II First coffee plantations in Brazil
- 1729 North and South Carolina become Crown Colonies
- 1732 James Oglethorpe founds Georgia for 'poor debtors'
- 1735 Libel trial in New York establishes freedom of press in North America
- 1739 Slave revolts in South Carolina
- 1744 - 48 King George's war in America along St. Lawrence
- 1755 - 1804 Alexander Hamilton
- Alexander Hamilton 1931
- 1759 Wolfe captures Quebec and Montreal
- 1762 First serious criticism of Slave Trade
-
British expedition against Cuba seizes Havana from Spanish
- 1763 Colonists move into Ohio basin
- Pontiac concpiracy of Indians rising against colonists
- Treaty of Paris cedes Canada, Mississippi and India to Britain
- 1765 Stamp act provokes outcry in American colonies
- 1773 Boston Tea Party
- 1775 The Constitutional Congress in America, led by Thomas Jefferson, restated a "Rule of Democracy."
American war of Independence
1775 - 83
- The Howards of Virginia 1940
- April Morning 1988
- John Paul Jones 1959
- The Crossing 2003
- Lafayette 1962
- The Buccaneer 1938
- Drums Along the Mohawk 1939
- Benedict Arnold: A Question of Honor 2003
- The Patriot 2000
- Revolution 1984
- Sade 2000) -- 1794, Marquis de Sade faces execution by Robespierre's regime
- Quills 2000 |
- 1774 Second Continental congress at Philadelphia
- 1776 Declaration of Independence
- 1777 British take New York and Philadelphia but defeated at Saratoga
-
Treaty of San Idelfonso defines Spanish and Portugese borders around Brazil
- 1778 France joins America in war
- 1779 Spain joins American war
- 1781 Britain takes Charleston but surrenders at Yorktown; French gain supremacy of sealanes around colonies
- 1783 Treaty of Versaille: Britain accepts independence of 13 colonies but retains West Indies and Canadian colonies; Mass migration of Loyalists to Canada
- 1786 Assault in slavery starts in earnest
- 1787 American constitution signed
- 1795 The first seizure of Cape Colony from the Dutch;
-
Mungo Park sets out to discover source of Niger - France overruns Netherlands
|
- 1800 Jefferson becomes US president
- Sally Hemings: An American Scandal 2000
- 1803 Lousiana Purchase
- 1804 Haitian Independence
- 1819 US purchases Florida
- 1821 Mexico becomes independent from Spain. In general, life becomes more tolerable for the Maya than it had been under Spanish rule.
-
Mexico and Peru gain independence
- Juarez 1939
- 1822 An account of Antonio del Rio's late eighteenth-century explorations of Palenque is published in London. The book raises a great deal of interest in further exploration of the "lost" Maya civilization and settlements.
- 1829 - 37 Andrew Jackson
- The President's Lady 1953
- 1832 Reform act American Indians forcibly resettled
- 1833 Falklands annexed
- 1836 Texas independent from Mexico
The Alamo 1837
- The Alamo 1960
- The Last Command 1955
- Alamo: 13 Days to Glory 1987 |
- 1837 Rebellions in Canada and New Zealand.
- 1839 American diplomat and lawyer John Lloyd Stephens and English topographical artist Frederick Catherwood begin a series of explorations into Maya regions, revealing the full splendor of classical Maya civilization to the world for the first time.
- 1840 Canadian provinces act of Union,
- 1842 US/Canada border agreed
Texas Annexation 1845
- Texas 1994
- One Man's Hero 1999 |
- 1846 - 48 Mexican-US war
- 1847 The Yucatan Maya rise up against the Mexican government, rebelling against the miserable conditions and cruelty they have suffered at the hands of the whites. The rebellion is so successful that the Maya almost manage to take over the entire peninsula in what has become known as the War of the Castes.
- 1848 Gold discovered in California
- Roughing It 2002
-
Communist Manifesto
- 1850 A miraculous "talking cross" in a village in central Quintana Roo predicts a holy war against the whites. Bolstered by arms received from the British in Belize, the Maya form into quasi-military companies inspired by messianic zeal. The fighting continues until 1901.
- 1853 First railways and telegraph in India
- 1855 Walker takes over Nicaragua
- Walker 1987
- 1860 The Yucatan Maya rebel again.
- 1863 Emancipation of US slaves
- 1864 Red Cross founded
-
Workmen digging a canal on the Caribbean coast of Guatemala discover a jade plaque inscribed with a date of A.D. 320. The plaque becomes one of the oldest known objects dated in the Maya fashion.
- 1866 Ku Klux Klan started in US
- 1867 Canada becomes a Dominion
-
US buys Alaska,
- 1871 Vancouver and British Columbia join Canada
-
Trade Unions become legal
- 1876 Battle of Little Bighorn
- Custars last stand
- 1880 A new tide of government intervention in Maya life begins as governments attempt to force the Maya to become laborers on cash-crop plantations. This destroys many aspects of Maya cultural traditions and agricultural methods preserved over 4,000 years. Towns which had been protected for the Maya soon become a haven for mixed-race ladinos who prey economically on the indigenous Maya and usurp all positions of social and economic power.
- 1888 Slavery ends in Brazil
- Xica 1978
Plains Indians Conquered
1870's - 1880's
- Custer
- They Died With Their Boots On 1941
- Fort Apache 1948
- Little Big Horn 1951
- Seventh Cavalry 1956
- The Great Sioux Massacre 1965
- Custer of the West 1968
- Glory Guys 1965
- Little Big Man 1970
- Son of the Morning Star 1991
- Chief Crazy Horse 1955
- Crazy Horse 1996
- Sitting Bull 1954
- Dances with Wolves 1990
- Jeremiah Johnson 1972
- 1843-1846 Navajo conquered
- Kit Carson 1940
- Kit Carson and the Mountain Men 1977
- Comanche conquered
- Rio Grande 1950
- Comancheros 1961
- Cheyenne return from relocation
- Cheyenne Autumn 1964
- 1866-71 Buffaloe Bill
- Wild Bill 1995
- Buffalo Bill and the Indian 1976 |
Apache conquered
1886
- Conquest of Cochise 1953
- Taza, Son of Cochise 1954
- Geronimo 1939
- Valley of the Sun 1942
- I Killed Geronimo 1950
- Outpost 1951
- Indian Uprising 1952
- The Battle at Apache Pass 1952
- Walk the Proud Land 1956
- Geronimo 1962 1993
- Geronimo: An American Legend 1993
- Ulzana's Raid 1972
- Apache 1954
- Major Dundee 1965
- Buffalo Soldiers 1997 |
- 1886 Slavery ends in Cuba
- 1888 slavery ended in Brazil
- 1890 Indians massacred at Wounded Knee
- Colorado becomes a state
- Centennial (Vols. 1-12) 1978
- 1898 Spanish-American war
- Hawaii annexed
- Hawaiians 1970
Spanish American war 1898
- Citizen Kane 1941
- Rough Riders 1997
- The Real Glory 1939 |
|
- 1879 - 1915 Joe Hill Labor organizer
- 1903 Panama secedes from Columbia
- 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan become Provinces in Canada
- 1906 Cuba occupied by US
Mexican Revolution
1910
- Zapata: Amor en Rebeldia 2004
- Zapata: El sueño de un héroe 2004
- El Compadre Mendoza 1934
- Viva Villa! 1934
- Let's Go with Pancho Villa 1936
- And Starring Pancho Villa as Himself 2003
- La Sombra del Caudillo 1960
- Villa! 1958
- Villa Rides! 1968
- The Old Gringo 1989
- Reed, México insurgente 1973
- Cannon for Cordoba 1970 |
- 1913 - 21 Woodrow Wilson
- Wilson 1944
- 1913 Opening of Panama canal
- 1918 Women get the vote
- 1920 - 33 Prohibition
- The Untouchables 1987
- 1928 Women over 21 given vote
- Iron Jawed Angels 2004
- 1929 Wall Street Crash
Depression 1929 - 1938
- Brother Can You Spare a Dime 1975
- The Grapes of Wrath 1940) |
- 1932 Ottawa agreement promotes Imperial trade
- 1937 Amelia Earhart
- Amelia Earhart: The Final Flight 1994
- 1941 Pearl Harbour
- 1943 Education Act
- 1945 United Nations formed
- 1946 American photographer Giles Healey is taken to the Maya city of Bonampak by the native Lacandon who live nearby. Healey becomes the first non-Maya ever to see Bonampak's stunning wall-paintings, which reveal new details about Maya civilization.
-
Cold War begins
- 1947 Marshall plan and Truman Doctrine
- Truman 1995
- 1949 Newfoundland and Labrador join Canada
-
Nato created
- 1949 - 69 Mccarthyism
- Good Night and Good Luck 2005
- 1949 French in Indochina
- Indochine 1992
- 1951 ANZUS pact in Pacific
- 1952 The Priest-king Pacal's tomb at Palenque is discovered and excavated by Mexican archaeologist Alberto Ruz, marking the first time a tomb has been found inside a Maya pyramid. Prior to this, Maya pyramids were believed to be temples with a purely religious or ceremonial purpose.
- 1956 Castro and Guevara land in Cuba
- 1961 Bay of pigs
- 1962 Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda and Western Samoa all
-
Cuban missile crisis become independent
-
Maya hieroglyphic signs are first catalogued. Uncontrolled looting of Maya tombs and other sites begins around this time in the southern lowlands, continuing until well into the 1970s.
- 1963 John F. Kennedy, President of the United States was assassinated.
- 1964 The Gulf of Tonkin incident led the United States into the Vietnam War.
- 1966 Millions of youth began using marijuana, heroin, LSD, etc.
- 1969 Open Universities
- Malcolm X 1992
-
Woodstock
- Woodstock 1970
- 1972 Watergate
- Nixon 1995
- 1973 Bahamas become Independent
-
Oil Shock
-
Skylab
- Kyle Pounds born
- Coup in Chile
- Missing 1982
- Chilean Fascism
- Of Love and Shadows 1994
- 1974 Grenada Independent
- 1976 Coup in Argentina
- US invades Nicaragua
Argentinean fascism
1976 -
- Miss Mary 1986
- Evita 1996
- Funny Dirty Little War
- The Official Story 1985
- Carla's Song 1997 |
- 1978 Dominica Independent
- Joe Hill 1971
- 1980 Bishop Romero assasinated in El Salvador
- Romero 1989
- 1981 Belize independent
- "Crack" cocaine use and urban crime became rampant.
- 1982 Falkland war
- 1983 Grenada invaded by US
- 1987 Stock Market crisis
- 1989 Invasion of Panama
- Noriega: God's Favorite 2000
- 1991 Gulf War broke out.
|
|
1600's |
1700's |
1800's |
1900's |
|
|
Africa |
|
|
Mali Empire 1300's - 1600's |
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| |
|
- 1731 Rosetta stone discovered Wickliffe's New Testament was printed.
- 1788 African Association formed to explore the interior of Africa
- 1798 France invades Egypt |
- 1810 Seizure of Cape Colony
Shaka Zulu 1816 - 1828
- Shaka Zulu 1987
- Shaka Zulu: The Last Great Warrior 2005 |
- 1818 Shaka forms Zulu kingdom
- 1821 Sierra Leone, Gambia and the Gold Coast are combined to form British West Africa
-
Liberia founded for freed US slaves
- 1826 Seku Ahmadu conquers Timbuktu
- 1835 Boers start Great Trek
- 1839 - 42 First Opium war in China
- 1840 Treaty of Waitangi in New Zealand
- 1841 Hong Kong established
- 1845 - 46 First Sikh War
- 1852 - 56 Livingstone crosses Africa
Cecil Rhodes
1853 - 1902
- Rhodes of Africa 1936
- Rhodes 1996 TV |
- 1855 Discovery of the source of the Nile
- Mountains of the Moon 1990
-
Livingstone is the first European to see the Victoria falls
- 1884 Khartoum seige
- Khartoum 1966
- 1886 Tunisia becomes French protectorate
Zulu War 1897
- Zulu Dawn 1979
- Zulu 1964 |
- 1800s
- Chocolat 1989
- Noirs et blancs en couleur (Black and White in Color) 1976
- Coup de Torchon (Clean Slate) 1975
- 1874 Gold Coast becomes colony
- 1875 Britain buys Suez canal shares
- 1879 Zulu war
- 1880 first boer war
- 1883 Germans take SW Africa
- 1894 Uganda becomes protectorate
- 1896 Sudan war
- 1899 - 1902 Boer war |
Boer War 1899 - 1902
- Untamed 1955
- Breaker Morant 1980 |
- 1900s Kenya
- The Ghost and the Darkness 1996
- The Flame Trees of Thika 1982
- Out of Africa 1985
- 1912 Italy conquers Libya
- 1914 occupation of German West African colonies
- 1918 British East Africa becomes Kenya
- 1922 Egyptian Independence
-
Tutankhamun's tomb opened
- 1924 Northern Rhodesia becomes a protectorate
- 1934 Purified National Party advocates Apharteid in South Africa
- 1934 - 36 Suppression of Ghanese radicals
- 1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia
- 1936 Restriction of representation of Black South Africans
- 1941 Ethiopia captured by Commonwealth troops
- 1945 Pan-African conference
- 1948 Afrikaner National Party win power in South Africa
- 1952 Mau Mau rebellion in Kenya
rebellion in Kenya
1952 - 60
- Something of Value 1957
- Kitchen Toto 1987
- Hemingway, the Hunter of Death 2001
- The Snows of Kilimanjaro 1952 |
- 1954 Withdrawal from Sudan; troops removed from Egypt
- 1956 Suez crisis
- 1957 Ghana Malay states become independent
- 1960 Belgian Congo gains independence
- British Somaliland and Nigeria become
- 1961 Sierra Leone, Tanganyika and British Cameroons become independent Independent
- South Africa leaves Commonwealth
- 1963 Kenya and Zanzibar become independent
- 1964 Northern Rhodesia Zambia, Nyasaland, Malawi, become independent
- Malta becomes independent
- 1965 Southern Rhodesia declares unilateral independence
- 1966 Botswana, Lesotho and Gambia all gain independence
- 1967 - 70 Biafran war
- 1968 Mauritius and Swaziland gain Independence
- 1976 Seychelles Independent
- 1979 Rhodesian settlement reached
- 1980 New Hebrides, Vanunu; Zimbabwean Independence
- 1984 Brunei Independent
- 1985 Britain isolated in Commonwealth over South African sanctions
- 1986 US bombing of Libya
- 1990 South West Africa becomes Independent Namibia
-
Nelson Mandela freed
- 1995 - 96 Chad civil war
- Daresalam 2000
- 1995 Nigeria suspended from Commonwealth
- 1996 South Africa rejoins Commonwealth |
|
1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
Monks and Invadors |
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Conquest and Plague |
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The expansion of knowledge |
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Technology |
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Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan 1000s - 1300s |
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Atisha
982 -1054 |
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Bhaskara
1114 - 1185 |
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Thomas Aquinas
1225 - 1274 |
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Da Vinci
1452 - 1519 |
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Middle Ages 500 - 1700 |
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|
- 1023 First paper money printed in China.
- 1045 Movable type printing by Bi Sheng in China
- 1050 Crossbow invented in France.
|
- 1154 The Leaning Tower of Pisa was built. It reached 188 feet high. A cathedral was built nearby.
- 1157 The Bank of Venice was established.
- 1182 Magnetic compass invented. |
- 1200 Clothing buttons invented.
- 1202 The Hindu-Arabic numbering system introduced to the west by Italian mathematician, Fibonacci.
- 1220 The Westminster Abbey was built.
| - 1225 - 1274 Thomas Aquinas |
- 1249 Rodger Bacon invented his gunpowder formula.
- 1250 Gun invented in China.
- 1268 - 89 Invention of eyeglasses.
- 1280 Mechanical clocks invented.
- Roger Bacon invented spectacles, glass mirrors and magnifying glasses.
- 1285 - 90 Windmills invented.
- 1295 Modern glassmaking begins in Italy. |
- 1300 Chimneys and window glass began to be introduced in London.
- 1308 Cannons were used at Gibraltar.
- 1320 M. Schwarts invented gunpowder.
- 1326 First mention of a handgun.
- 1328 First sawmill.
- 1348 The oldest clock known was put up in this year. It is now in Dover Castle.
- 1366 Scales for weighing invented. |
- 1400 First golf balls invented.
-
The first piano called the Spinet invented.
- Air guns and muskets invented.
- 1411 Trigger invented.
- 1420 Oil painting invented.
- The first saw mill began to operate. Initially they were violently opposed to it in England.
- 1421 In Florence, hoisting gear invented.
- 1448 Gutenberg invented the printing press.
- 1455 Johannes Gutenberg invents printing press with metal movable type.
- 1465 In Germany, drypoint engravings invented.
- 1475 Muzzle-loaded rifles invented in Italy and Germany.
- 1477 Printing was introduced in England.
- The first watch was introduced in Nuremberg.
- 1485 Leonardo DaVinci designed the first parachute.
- 1486 In Venice, the first known copyright granted.
- 1487 Bell chimes invented.
- 1492 Leonardo da Vinci first to seriously theorize about flying machines.
- Martin Behaim invented the first map globe.
Columbus discovered the America 1492
- Christopher Columbus 1949 1992
- 1492: Conquest of Paradise 1992 |
- 1492 Spanish Inquisition begun
- 1494 Whiskey invented in Scotland.
- 1498 Columbus discovered the main continent. |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Religion |
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Age of Roman Catholic Religious Omnipower 755 - 1529 |
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Crusades 1095 - 1291 |
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Age of Pisces 100 BC - 2680 |
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| - 1096 - 99 The First Crusade. Eight Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban II and commanded by King Godfrey. |
- 1099 Crusaders captured Jerusalem and gave Christians control of the holy city.
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| - 1118 Ninth Council, (First Lateran), held. The Right of Investiture was settled by treaty between Pope Calixtus II and Emperor Henry V. |
| - 1147 - 49 The Second Crusade |
The Third Crusade
1189 - 1192
- The Lion in Winter 1968
- The Lion in Winter 2003 TV
- Becket 1964
- Kingdom of Heaven 2004
- Lion-Heart 1987 - King Richard and the Crusaders 1954 |
|
| - 1201 - 04 The Fourth Crusade |
| - 1218 - 21 The Fifth Crusade |
- 1227 Cardinal Hugo divided the Bible into chapters.
| - 1228 - 29 Sixth Crusade, Frederick II took Jerusalem into a truce for 10 years. |
| - 1248 - 54 The Seventh Crusade |
| - 1274 Fourteenth Council at Lyon. Temporary union of Greek and Latin churches. |
|
| - 1311 - 12 Fifteenth Council held at Vienna. |
- 1380 Wickliffe's Bible was translated.
- Monestary life
- Der Name der Rose (The Name of the Rose) 1986
|
- 1400 Rosicrucians-Christian Rosenkreuz
| - 1409 Sixteenth Council held at Pisa. |
| - 1414 - 18 Seventeenth Council was held at Constance. |
| - 1423 – 24 Eighteenth Council held at Siena |
| - 1431 – 45 (39) Nineteenth Council held at Basle. |
- 1471 - 1530 Cardinal Thomas Wolsey
Martin Luther
1483 - 1546
- Luther 1973
- Luther 2003
- Martin Luther 1953 |
Cardinal Richelieu
1585 - 1642
- Under the Red Robe 1937
- Cardinal Richelieu 1935 |
- 1492 Spanish Inquisition begun
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|
1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Empires |
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| |
Danish Empire 1200s - 1953 |
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Chola Empire 800s - 1200s |
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Arab Empire 630 - 1258 |
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Venetian Empire 800s - 1797 |
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Ghana Empire 900 - 1240 |
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Khmer Empire 802 - 1462 |
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Holy Roman Empire 843 – 1806 |
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Tu'i Tonga 950 – 1875? |
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Ghaznavid 963 - 1187 |
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| |
Mali Empire 1300s - 1600s |
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Majapahit Empire 1293 - 1500 |
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| |
Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1923 |
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| |
Abyssinian Empire 1270 - 1974 |
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| |
Mongol Empire 1206 - 1502 |
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| |
Latin Empire
1204 – 1261 |
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Hungarian Empire 1000 - 1918 |
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| |
Seljuk Empire 1037 - 1194 |
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| |
Hoysala Empire 1026 – 1343 |
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Vijayanagara Empire 1336 - 1650 |
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| |
Siam Empire 1350 – 1909 |
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Kongo Empire 1100 - 1884 |
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Danish Empire 1200s - 1953 |
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Nicaean
1204 – 1261 |
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Trapezuntine Empire 1204 – 1461 |
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Aztec Empire 1375 - 1521 |
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Golden Horde 1378 - 1502 |
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Songhai Empire
1400s - 1500s |
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Malinké Empire 1400 - ? |
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| |
Timurid Empire
1401 - 1505 |
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| |
Incan Empire
1438 - 1533 |
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| |
Portuguese Empire
1415 - 1999 |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Mediterranean |
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Middle Byzantine 843 - 1260 |
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Late Byzantine 1261 - 1453 |
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| |
Byzantium controls Israel
1097 - 1176 |
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Portuguese Empire
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Trapezuntine Empire 1204 – 1461 |
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Nasrid dynasty in Granada. Moors. 1230 - 1492 |
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| |
Latin Empire
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Drac |
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Crusades 1095 - 1291 |
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- 1010 - 34 Michale IV the Paphlagonian
- 1015 - 41 Micheal V
- 984 - 105 Theodora
- 1000 - 1042 Consantine IX Monomachos
- 1056 - 57 Michael VI
- 1057 - 59 Isaac I Komnenos
- 1006 - 59 Constantinte X Doukas
- 1050 - 67 Michael VII Doukas
- 1032 - 1067 Romanos IV Diogenes
- 1001 - 78 Nikephoros III Botaneiates
- 1048 - 81 Alexios I Komnenos
- 1087 - 1118 John II Komnenos |
- 1000 - 04 Sylvestor 4 years.
|
- 1002 - 18 Emperor Basil II campaigns annually against the Bulgarians, with the object of annihilating the Bulgar state. |
- 1004 - 09 John XVIII 5 years.
- 1009 - 12 Bergius IV 3 years.
- 1012 - 24 Benedict VIII 12 years.
|
- 1014 The Bulgarian army is completely defeated at the Battle of Kleidon.
- Basil II becomes known as The Bulgar Slayer.
- 1018 Bulgaria surrenders and is annexed to the Byzantine empire. The whole of the Balkans is incorporated into the Byzantine Empire, with the Danube as the new Imperial Frontier in the north.
- 1024 - 33 John XIX 9 years. |
- 1025 Death of Basil II. Decline of the Byzantine Empire begins.
- 1031 Mahometan Spain divided into the independent states of Cordove, Granada, Seville, etc.
- 1033 - 45 Benedict IX governed 12 years.
- 1045 - 51 Leo IX governed 6 years.
- 1054 - 57 Viotor II governed 3 years.
- 1057 - 61 Nicholas II governed 3 years.
- 1061 - 73 Alexander II governed 12 years. |
- 1064 Peter the Hermit began preaching for Holy Wars.
- 1073 - 85 Gregory VII governed 12 years.
- 1085 - 88 Victor III governed 3 years.
- 1088 - 1100 Urban II governed 12 years.
- 1095 - 1112 Portugal gained strength during the 17-year rule of Count Henry. Portugal underwent the same changes as Spain after the fall of Rome. The Goths and then the Saracens overran Portugal.
| - 1096 - 99 The First Crusade. Eight Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban II and commanded by King Godfrey. |
- 1099 Crusaders captured Jerusalem and gave Christians control of the holy city.
- 1099 - 1118 Pascal II governed for 19 years.
|
- 1118 - 43 Manuel I Komnenos
- 1169 - 80 Alexios II Komnenos
- 1118 - 83 Andronikos I Komnenos
- 1185 - 95 Isaac II Angelos
- 1195 - 1203 Alexios II Angelos
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| - 1097 - 1176 Byzantine armies recapture the coasts of Asia Minor from the Turks, and push east towards central Anatolia; Crusader Principality of Antioch becomes Byzantine protectorate |
- 1117 - 18 Ceiastus II 1 year. |
- 1118 - 23 Calixtus II governed 5 years.
- The Right of Investiture was settled by treaty between Pope Calixtus II and Emperor Henry V.
| - 1118 Ninth Council, (First Lateran), held. The Right of Investiture was settled by treaty between Pope Calixtus II and Emperor Henry V. |
- 1122 Byzantines defeat Pechenegs at the Battle of Beroia.
- 1124 - 30 Honorius II governed 6 years.
- 1130 - 44 Innocent II governed 14 years. |
- 1143 Celestine II governed 1 year.
- 1144 Eugenius III governed 8 years. |
- 1147 - 49
Second Crusade War preached by St. Bernard and headed by Conrad II and Louis VII. |
- 1153 - 59 Adrian IV governed 6 years. |
- 1154 Leaning Tower of Pisa built. Reached 188 feet. A cathedral was built nearby.
- 1157 Bank of Venice established.
- 1159 - 81 Alexander III governed 22 years. |
- 1167 Byzantine armies win decisive victory over the Hungarians at the Battle of Sirmium; Hungary becomes Byzantine client state.
- 1176 Battle of Myriokephalon. Manuel I Komnenos attempts to capture Konya, capital of Seljuk Turks; is forced to withdraw after destruction of his siege equipment. End of Byzantine attempts to recover Anatolian plateau.
- 1180 Death of Manuel I Komnenos. Decline of the Byzantine Empire recommences.
- 1181 - 85 Lucius III governed 4 years.
- 1185 - 87 Gregory VIII governed 2 years. |
- 1185 Successful rebellion in Bulgaria. Byzantine lands lost in the Balkans.
Third Crusade
1189 - 1192 Philip II and Richard I were involved
- The Lion in Winter 1968
- The Lion in Winter 2003 TV
- Becket 1964
- Kingdom of Heaven 2004
- Lion-Heart 1987 - King Richard and the Crusaders 1954 |
- 1191 - 98 Celestini III governed 7 years.
- 1198 - 99 Innocent III governed 18 years. |
|
| - 1201 - 04 Fourth Crusade |
- 1203 - 04 Isaac II Angelos
- Alexios IV Angelos
- 1204 Nikolaos Kanabos
- Alexios V Doukas
- 1204 - 05 Constantine Laskaris
- 1221 - 54 John III Doukas Vatatzes
- 1254 - 58 Theodore II Laksaris
- 1258 - 61 John IV Laskaris
- 1259 - 82 Michael VII Palaiologos
- 1261 - 1328 Andronikos II Palolaiogos
- 1281 - 1320 Michael IX Palaiologos |
- 1204 Constantinople conquered by Crusaders; Latin Empire formed.
- 1204 - 61 Latin (Nicaean) Empire |
- 1215 Twelfth Council, Fourth Lateran, was held Nov. 11-30 |
- 1216 - 27 Honorius III 11 years. |
| - 1218 - 21 Fifth Crusade Baldwin, Count of Flanders, took Constantinople. |
- 1227 Cardinal Hugo divided the Bible into chapters.
- 1227 - 41 Gregory IX governed 14 years. |
| - 1228 - 29 Sixth Crusade by Frederick II took Jerusalem into a truce for 10 years. |
| - 1230 - 1492 Nasrid dynasty established in Spain, Granada made capital |
- 1241 - 54 Innocent IV governed 13 years. |
- 1245 Thirteenth Council held at Lyons |
- 1248 - 54
The Seventh Crusade Louis IX was defeated and taken prisoner. |
- 1254 Pope Alexander IV governed the church from Rome for 7 years.
Marco Polo 1254 - 1324
- The Adventures of Marco Polo 1938
- Marco Polo 1962
- Marco Polo 1998
|
- 1261 Constantinople reconquered by Michael VIII Palaiologos, Byzantine emperor of Nicaea
- 1261 - 64 Urban IV governed the church from Rome for 3 years.
- 1264 - 69 Clement IV governed the church from Rome for 5 years.
- 1269 - 71 Papal vacancy for two years. |
| - 1270 The Eighth Crusade Louis IX died at Carthage. Edward I followed him. Christians were driven out of Syria in 1291. |
- 1271 - 76 Gregory X governed 5 years. |
| - 1274 Fourteenth Council at Lyon. Temporary union of Greek and Latin churches. |
- 1276 - 80 Four Popes governed 4 years.
- 1280 - 85 Martin IV governed 5 years.
- 1285 - 87 Honorius IV governed 2 years.
- 1287 - 92 Nicholas IV governed 5 years.
- 1291 Christians driven out of Syria.
- 1294 - 96 Celestine V governed 2 years.
- 1296 - 1105 Boniface VIII governed 9 years. |
|
- 1304 - 14 Pope Clement V governed 10 years. |
- 1308 Cannons were used at Gibraltar.
- 1316 - 41 Andronikos III Palaiologos
- 1341 - 47 John V Palaiologos
- 1341 - 54 John VI Kantakozenos
- 1353 - 57 Matthew Kantakozenos
- 1352 - 76 John V Palaiologos
- 1352 - 79 Andronikos IV Palaiologos
- 1379 - 91 John V Palaiologos
- 1376 - 90 John VII Palaiologos
- 1373 - 1425 Manuel II Palaiologos
|
| - 1311 - 12 Fifteenth Council held at Vienna. |
- 1314 - 16 Two year vacancy in the papacy.
- 1316 - 35 Pope John XXII governed 19 years.
- 1335 Benedict XII 1 year.
- 1342 - 52 Clement VI 10 years.
- 1352 - 62 Innocent VI 10 years.
- 1362 - 70 Urban V 8 years.
- 1370 Gregory XI 7 years.
- 1278 - 89 Urban VI 11 years.
- 1389 - 1504 Boniface IX 15 years. |
|
- 1400 Rosicrucians begun- Christian Rosenkreuz
- Northern provinces of Italy devise their own systems of government. Venice becomes a merchant oligarchy; Milan ruled by dynastic despotism; and Florence becomes a republic ruled by the rich. The three cities expand and conquer most of Northern Italy.
- 1403 - 07 Andronikos V Palaiologos
- 1425 - 48 John VIII Palaiologos
- 1449 - 53 Constantine XI Palaiologos
- 1453 - 60 Demetrios Palaiologos
- 1453 - 65 Thomas Palaiologos
- 1465 - 1502 Andreas Palaiologos |
- 1404 Innocent VII 1 year
- 1406 - 10 Two Popes in 4 years. |
| - 1409 Sixteenth Council held at Pisa. |
- 1410 - 16 John XXIII governed 6 years. |
| - 1414 - 18 Seventeenth Council was held at Constance. |
- 1416 - 31 Martin V governed 15 years. |
| - 1423 - 24 Eighteenth Council held at Siena |
| - 1431 - 45 (39) Nineteenth Council held at Basle. |
- 1431 Eugenius IV governed .
- 1447 - 55 Nicholas V governed 8 years. |
- 1453 Ottoman Turks conquer Constantinople. Death of Constantine XI last Emperor of the Byzantine Empire. End of the Byzantine Empire.
- 1455 - 58 Calixtus III governed 3 years. |
- 1456 - 76 Vlad Dracula of Transylvania fights Ottoman Turks
- Dark Prince: The True Story of Dracula 2000 |
- 1458 - 64 Pius II governed 6 years.
- 1464 - 73 Paul II governed 7 years.
- 1471 - 84 Sixtus IV governed 13 years. |
- 1474 - 1563 Michael Angelo, architect of "St. Peter's Cathedral," and celebrated painter. |
Cesare Borgia
1475 - 1507
- Prince of Foxes 1949
- Il Duca Nero (The Black Duke) 1963
- Bride of Vengeance 1948 |
- 1483 - 1520 Raphael the painter lived 37 years. |
- 1484 - 92 Innocent VIII governed 8 years.
- 1489 - 1500 Alexander VI governed 11 years. |
Columbus discovered the America 1492
- Christopher Columbus 1949 1992
- 1492: Conquest of Paradise 1992 |
- 1492 Spanish Inquisition begun
- Columbus discovered America. Crossed the ocean in the "Santa Maria," and discovered San Salvador on Friday, October 12.
- 1498 Columbus discovered the main continent. |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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North Europe |
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Icelandic Sagas 1200 - 1450 |
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Danish Empire 1200s - 1953 |
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Hungarian Empire 1000 - 1918 |
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Holy Roman Empire 843 – 1806 |
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100 Years War 1337 - 1453 |
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- 1000 Iceland officially converts to Christianity, although heathen practice is still permitted in private.
- 1000 - 05 Leif Eiriksson makes his voyages to Vinland (America), attempts made to settle there are prevented by opposition from Natives.
- 1014 Ard-Righ Brian Boru defeats the Norse in Ireland at the Battle of Clontarf, both Brian and Jarl Sigurdhr of Orkney are slain.
- 1030 King Olaf the Saint is killed at Stiklestad.
- 1035 William II, "The Conqueror," became ruler of Normandy.
- 1064 England taken by Normandy. William I became ruler. Many significant changes made. William I "The Conqueror" ruled 21 years.
- 1066 Haraldr Hardrada, king of Norway, is killed during an attempted invasion of England fighting against Harold Godwinsson, the English king. Post-Heathen Period
- 1075 Adam of Bremen writes Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum.
- 1078 William the Conqueror and his son started building the Tower of London.
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- 1117 Thomas A. Becket, High Chancellor, Archbishop of Canterbury was born.
- 1117 - 18 Grágás, the Icelandic law code, first written down.
- 1122 Ari Thorgilsson writes Islendingabok.
- 1100s Lumbary under German control
- The Flame and the Arrow 1950
- 1157 George built Moscow.
- 1175 First written version of the Nibelungenlied is created in Germany.
- 1180 Theodoricus Monachus writes Historia de antiquitate regum Norwagiensium.
- 1185 - 1223 Saxo Grammaticus writes Gesta Danorum.
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- 1180 - 1260 Robin Hood
- Robin and Marian 1976 |
| - 1200 - 1450 Icelandic Sagas written. |
- 1200s Attack on Teutonic knights in Russia
- Alexander Nevsky 1938
- 1200 Ibn-Dihya writes his account of Al-Ghazal's embassy to the king of the Vikings in Ireland.
- Orkneyinga saga written by an unknown Icelandic author.
- 1220 Snorri Sturluson writes the Prose Edda.
- Westminster Abbey built.
- 1225 Snorri Sturluson writes Heimskringla.
- 1226 Tristams saga produced by translating the Tristan of Thomas of Brittany per the request of King Hakon Hakonarsson.
- 1230 Egils saga Skallagrimssonar written, probably by Snorri Sturluson (note that this is 240 years after the death of Egill).
- 1245 Laxdaela saga written by an unknown author.
| - 1250 - 1300 Most of the poems of the Poetic Edda, which had previously been circulating orally since the Migration Age or before, are collected and written down in the Codex Regius, the oldest surviving manuscript containing the Eddic poems. |
- 1260 Stockholm was founded in Sweden.
- 1280 Brenu-Njals saga written by unknown author (written 269 years after the death of Njal).
- 1297 William Wallace revolts
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- 1272 - 1305 William Wallace Scottish freedom fighter
- Brave Heart 1995 |
- 1285 - 1314 King Phillip IV
- Les rois maudits (The Cursed Kings) 2005
- 1300 Sturlunga saga, a collection of historical sagas written by various Icelanders during the 1200's, is compiled.
- Chimneys and window glass began to be introduced in London.
- 1307 - 27 Edward II
- Edward II 1991
- 1320 M. Schwarts invented gunpowder.
- 1324 John Wickliffe born in Yorkshire.
- 1348 The oldest clock known was put up in this year. It is now in Dover Castle.
- 1348 - 50 The Black Plague
- 1398 - 1468 John Gutenberg German who invented the printing press
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- 1337 - 1473 Hundred years war
- Beatrice 1988 |
- 1410 Battle of Grunwald, Teutonics beaten by Polish
- Krzyzacy (Black Cross) 1960
Joan of Arc 1412 - 1431
- The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc 1999
- Joan of Arc 1999 -- Leelee Sobieski
- Joan of Arc 1948 Ingrid Bergman
- Passion of Joan of Arc 1928 -- French film |
- 1413 - 22 Henry V
- Henry V 1989 1945
- 1420 The first saw mill began to operate. Initially they were violently opposed to it in England.
- 1431 Joan of Arc was burned at the stake on May 31.
- 1448 Gutenberg invented the printing press.
- 1461 - 85 House of York
- 1466 - 1536 Desiderius Erasmus Catholic Priest lived 69 years.
- 1461 - 83 Louis XI
- Hunchback of Notre Dame 1939
- 1477 First watch introduced in Nuremberg.
- Printing introduced in England.
Richard III 1483 - 85
- Richard III 1955
- Looking for Richard 1996 |
| - 1482 - 1698 The "Czars" of Russia |
- 1483 - Martin Luther lived 63 years.
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Middle East |
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Ottoman Empire 1281 - 1923 |
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Ghaznavid 963 - 1187 |
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Arab Empire, Abassid Caliphate 630 - 1258 |
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Crusades 1095 - 1291 |
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Hospitallers Crusading 1330 - 1523 |
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- 996 -1021 Reign of Fatimid caliph al-Hakim
- 1009 al-Hakim orders the destruction of the church of the Holy Sepulcher in Jerusalem
- 1020 Death of Firdawsi, author of Shahnama, the Persian national epic
- 1030 - 48 Church of the Holy Sepulcher rebuilt in Jerusalem
- 1037 Death of philisopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna)
- 1055 Tughril leads the Seljuq Turks inyo Baghdad
- 1066 Norman conquest of Britain
- 1071 Battle of Manzikert
Anatolia opened to Muslim settlement
- 1092 Norman complete conquest of Sicily from Muslims
- 1095 Pope Urban calls for Crusade against Islam
| - 1096 - 99 The First Crusade. Eight Crusades were conducted. 300,000 men were blessed by Pope Urban II and commanded by King Godfrey. |
- 1098 Crusaders capture Edessa
- 1099 Crusaders capture Antioch and Jerusalem and establish Latin Kingdom
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- 1111 Death of philosopher and mystic al-Ghazali
- 1144 Zangi captures Edessa from the Crusaders
- 1147 - 49
The Second Crusade |
- 1154 Nur al-Din ibn Zangi captures Damascus
| - 1164 - 1214 Genghis Khan founded the Mongul Empire. (An alternate spelling is Zengis Khan.) Zengis-Khan was one of the bloodiest conquerors of the world. Fourteen million people perished by his sword, under the pretense of establishing the worship of "One God and Mahomet as his Prophet." |
- 1171 Saladin becomes sultan of Egypt and founds Ayyubid dynasty
- El Naser Salah el Dine (Saladin) 1963
- 1187 Saladin retakes Jerusalem defeating Franks at the battle of Hattin in the second crusade.
The Third Crusade
1189 - 1192
- The Lion in Winter 1968
- The Lion in Winter 2003 TV
- Becket 1964
- Kingdom of Heaven 2004
- Lion-Heart 1987 - King Richard and the Crusaders 1954 |
- 1198 Death of philisopher Ibn Rush (Averroes)
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- 1201 - 04
The Fourth Crusade |
- 1204 Fourth Crusade diverted to Constantinople
- 1206 Temuchin takes title Genghis Khan (Universal Ruler)
- 1215 Magna Carta signed
| - 1218 - 21 The Fifth Crusade at Damietta in Egypt |
| - 1220 - 60 Mongols invade Islamic lands |
- 1227 Death of Genghis Khan
| - 1228 - 29 Sixth Crusadeby Frederick II took Jerusalem into a truce for 10 years. |
- 1240 Death of philosopher Ibn Arabi
- 1248 - 54
The Seventh Crusade |
- 1250 Establishment of Mamluk (Slave) dynasty in Egypt
- 1256 - 1336 Mongol dynasty of Ilkhanids rules Iran
- 1258 Hulegu, Mongol chief, sacks Baghdad
| - 1270 The Eighth Crusade |
- 1271 Marco Polo passes throough Iran en route to China
- 1273 Death of mystic Jalal al-Din Rumi
- 1274 Death of astronomer Nasir al-Din Tusi
- 1291 Death of Persian poet Saadi
Fall of Acre, last Crusader stronghold in Levant, to Mamluks
- 636 - 51 Muslims conquer Syria, Persia and Egypt
- 641 c. Muslim conquest of Egypt
- 1000 - 1500 Consolidation of statesc.
- 1100 - 1500 Bantu, Arab, and Indian cultures blend in Swahili civilization along eastern coastc.
- 1100 - 1897 Kingdom of Beninc.
- 1224 Decline of the Kingdom of Ghana
- 1270 - 1478 Imperial revival in Ethiopiac.
- 1300 - 1500 Mali empire in middle Niger regionc.
- 1325 Ibn Battuta, famous North African traveler, begins 29-year, 75,000 mile world tourc.
- 1330 University of Tmbuktuc.
- 1493 - 1582 Expansion of Songhayc.
- 1591 Decline of Songhay afer defeat by Moroccans |
- 1299 - 1326 Reign of Othman, founder of the Ottoman Turkish Empire. He defeats the Seljuks.
- 1300 The last Muslims in Sicily are forcibly converted to Christianity.
- 1303 Mongols are defeated near Damascus, thus ending the Mongol threat on Europe and the Middle East.
- 1314 Battle at Bannockburn: Robert Bruce defeats the armies of Edward I and gains Scottish independence.
- Thirty-Nine French Knights Templar are burned at the stake.
- 1315 Bad weather and crop failures result in famines across northwestern Europe. A mixture of war, famine and plague in the Late Middle Ages reduce the population by half.
- 1317 Osman I, founder of the Ottoman Empire, lays siege to the Christian city of Bursa.
- 1319 Birth of Murad I, grandson of Osman I. Murad would be the terror of Christian Europe, sending large military forces against the Balkans and tripling the size of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1321 The Inquisition burns its last Cathar.
- 1324 - 60 Reign of Ottoman sultan Orhan Ghazi
- 1326 Ottomans take Bursa from Byzantines
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Orkhan I, makes Bursa his capital and the growth of the Ottoman Empire is marked.
- 1327 With the disintegration of the Seljuk Empire, the Arab and Persian regions are fragmented into several military kingdoms until 1500.
- 1328 England recognizes Scottish independence, with Robert Bruce as King.
| - 1330 - 1523 Although not officially supported by the church hierarchy, the Hospitallers continue intermittent Crusading from their base in Rhodes. |
- 1331 The Ottoman Turks capture Nicaea and rename it Iznik.
- 1336 The Hundred Years' War between France and England begins.
- 1337 Birth of Timur-i Lang brutal ruler of Samarkand who cuts a wide swath of destruction across Persia and the Middle East. Timur founds the Timurid Dynasty and becomes infamous for building pyramids out of the skulls of his slain enemies.
- 1340 Battle of Rio Saldo: Alfonso XI of Castile and Alfonso IV of Portugal defeat a much larger force of Muslims from Morocco.
- 1345 Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris, France, is completed.
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The Ottoman Turks are asked for help by John Cantacuzene against a rival for the Byzantine throne. John would become John VI and gives his sixteen-year-old daughter Theodora to Orkhan I as a wife. This is the first time Muslim Turks crossed the Dardanelles into Europe.
- First Ottoman campaign in Europe
- 1347 Black death reaches Constantinople and Egypt; reaches Europe the following year
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Black Death reaches Cyprus from eastern Asia.
- 1350 The Renaissance begins in Italy.
- 1365 Led by Peter I of Cyprus, Crusaders sack the Egyptian city of Alexandria.
- 1368 The Ming Dynasty is established in China by a peasant's son who had become a monk but later led a 13-year long rebellion against corrupt and ineffectual Mongol rulers.
- 1370 - 1405 Reign of TImur (Tamerlane)
- 1370 Timur conquers Khurasan
- 1389 Ottoman defeat Serbs at Kosovo
Death of Persian lyric poet Hafez
- 1391 - 98 First Ottoman siege of Constantinople
- 1396 Ottomans defeat Venice, Hungary, Byzantium and Crusaders at Nicopolis
- 1398 - 99 Timur attacks India and sacks Delhi
- 1373 The Ottoman Turks force the Byzantine Empire, now under John V Palaeologus, into vassalage.
- 1380 The last holdings of the Byzantine Empire in Asia Minor are captured by the Turks.
- 1387 Poet Geoffrey Chaucer begins work on his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales.
- 1389 Death of Orhan I, son of Osman I. Orhan's son, Murad I, takes over the Ottoman Empire. Murad becomes the terror of Christian Europe, sending large military forces against the Balkans and tripling the size of the Ottoman Empire.
- 1395 King Sigismund of Hungary sends emissaries to various European powers to request help to defend his borders against the Ottoman Turks. Bajazet, Ottoman sultan, had boasted that he would drive through Hungary, into Italy, and turn St. Peter's Cathedral into a stable for his horses.
- 1396 Ottoman Turks conquer Bulgaria. Thousands of French knights and soldiers set out from the Burgundian capital Dijon to aid the Hungarians against the Ottoman Turks. Battle of Nicopolis: A Crusader army of around 60,000 men and made up of from the Hungarian army of Sigismund of Luxembourg along with French, German, Polish, Italian, and English forces enter Ottoman Turkish territory and lay siege to Nicopolis in Bulgaria. The Ottoman sultan, Bajazet, gathers together a massive army of his own and relieves the besieged city, defeating the Crusaders. Bulgaria becomes a vassal state and, like Serbia, would remain one until 1878.
- 1398 Dehli is conquered by Timur the Lame (Tamerlame), king of Samarkand. Timur's Turkish army devastates the sultanate of Dehli, exterminates the local Hindu population, and then leaves. |
- 1401 Baghdad and Damascus are conquered by Timur.
- 1402 Battle of Ankara: The Ottoman sultan Bajazet, great-grandson of Osman I, is defeated and taken prisoner by Mongol warlord Timur at Ankara.
- Timur defeats Ottoman at Ankara, captures Sultan Bayezid
- 1405 Death of Timur-i Lang (Tamerlane, Timur the Lame), brutal ruler of Samarkand who had cut a wide swath of destruction across Persia and the Middle East. Timur founded the Timurid Dynasty and had become renowned for building pyramids out of the skulls of his slain enemies.
- 1413 Mehmed I unifies Ottoman territories
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Mahomet, son of Bajazet, becomes Ottoman sultan Mahomet I after defeating his three brothers in a civil war that had lasted over 10 years.
- 1415 The Portuguese capture the city of Ceuta on the north coast of Morocco, the first time that the Crusade against the Muslims was taken to the northwestern region of Africa.
- 1422 Second Ottoman siege of Constantinople
- 1425 - 30 Ottoman-Venetian war
- 1425 Death of Manuel II Palaeologus, Byzantine emperor. Shortly before dying Manuel is forced by the Ottoman Turks to begin paying them a yearly tribute.
- 1429 Joan of Arc led French forces to victory over the English army by raising the siege at Orleans.
- 1438 Johann Gutenberg invents the printing press and pioneers the technology of movable type, creating the first Bible printed with movable type in Mainz, Germany.
- 1444 Battle of Varna: An army of at least 100,000 Turks under sultan Murad II defeats Polish and Hungarian Crusaders numbering around 30,000 under Ladislaus III of Poland and John Hunyadi.
- 1445 Gutenberg prints first book with movable type at Mainz
- 1448 Ottomans defeat Hungarians at second battle of Kososvo
- 1451 - 81 Reign of Mehmed II
- 1453 Ottomans besiege and capture Constantinople
- 1453 Bordeaux falls to French forces and the Hundred Years' War ends without a treaty.
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Ottoman sultan Mehmed II arrives at Constantinople. Mahomet will be successful in his siege of the city largely because of the acquisition of over sixty artillery pieces, making the siege one of the first successful uses of gunpowder in this fashion. Use of this artillery is improved with the help of gunnery experts sent by Hungarian national hero John Hunyadi who is eager to end the heresy of Eastern Orthodox Christianity, even if it means helping the hated Turks. Seige of Constantinople begins. Sultan Mehmed II breaches the walls after only 50 days. The walls protecting Constantinople had stood for more than a thousand years; when they fall, the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) also ended.
- 1456 Athens is captured by the Turks.
- 1458 Turkish soldiers sack the Acropolis in Athens, Greece.
- 1463 Bosnia is conquered by the Turks.
- 1464 Pope Pius II launches a short crusade against the Turks in Italy, but he falls ill and dies before much can happen. This would mark the death of the "crusading mentality" which had been so important in Europe over the previous three centuries.
- 1467 Herzegovina is conquered by the Turks.
- 1469 Guru Nanak Dev Ji was born. On this date Sikhs commemorate the birth of the founder of the Sikh faith and the first of the Ten Gurus.
- 1463 - 79 Ottoman-Venetian war
- 1472 Sophia Palaeologus, niece of Constantine XI Palaeologus, the last Byzantine Emperor, marries Ivan II of Moscow.
- 1473 Nicolaus Copernicus was born.
- 1477 The first book is printed in England.
- 1480 Mehmed II Conqueror sends a fleet commanded by Gedik Ahmed Pasha westward. It captures the Italian port city of Otranto.
- 1487 Spanish forces capture Malaga from the Moors.
- 1492 Christians expel Muslims and Jews from Spain
- Colombus sails to New World
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Christopher Columbus discovers the Americas in the name of Spain, launching an era of extensive European exploration and conquest.
- Bajazet II, Sultan of Turkey, invades Hungary and defeats the Hungarian army at the Save River.
- Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile, later benefactors of Christopher Columbus, end Muslim rule in Spain by conquering Granada, last Muslim stronghold. With the help of Torquemada, Grand Inquisitor, they also force the conversion or expulsion of all Jews in Spain.
- 1493 Dalmatia and Croatia are invaded by the Turks.
- 1498 Portuguese navigator Vasco de Gama reaches India by sea
- 1499 Venice goes to war with the Turks and the Venetian fleet is defeated at Sapienza.
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Francisco Jime'nez forces the mass conversion of Moors in Spain despite the earlier agreement of Ferdinand and Isabella that Muslims would be allowed to keep their religion and their mosques. |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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East Asia |
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Chola Empire 800s - 1200s |
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Majapahit Empire 1293 - 1500 |
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Hoysala Empire 1026 – 1343 |
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Vijayanagara Empire 1336 - 1650 |
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Siam Empire 1350 – 1909 |
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Khmer Empire 802 - 1462 |
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Tu'i Tonga 950 – 1875? |
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Western Xia 1038 - 1227 |
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Yuan 1279 - 1368 |
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Liao 907 - 1125 |
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Jin 1115 - 1234 |
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Song Dynasties 960 - 1279 |
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Northern Song 960 - 1127 |
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Southern Song 1127 - 1279 |
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Ming 1368 - 1644 |
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Heian period in Japan 794 - 1185 |
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Fujiwara - 1086 |
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| - 794 - 1185 Heian period in Japan |
| - 907 - 1125 Liao Dynasty |
- 1155 Hogen Disturbance In Japan
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- 960 - 1279 Song Dynasties
| - 960 - 1127 Northern Song Dynasty |
| - 1127 - 1279 Southern Song Dynasty |
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| - 1038 - 1227 Western Xia Dynasty |
| - 1115 - 1234 Jin Dynasty |
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- 1214 Zengis Khan took Northern China.
Marco Polo 1254 - 1324
- The Adventures of Marco Polo 1938
- Marco Polo 1962
- Marco Polo 1998
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- 1257 Viets repel Mongol invasion
- 1260 The Mongols, under Kublai Khan took over China.
- 1287 Kublai Khan captures Pagan Thailand
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Burma
- 1044 -1077 King Anawrahta of Pagan captures Mon capital and unifies Burma. Theravada Buddhism becomes official state religion. Golden Age of temple-building at Pagan. Karen drums
Bagan Kingdom
- 1044 – 1077 Anawrahta
- 1084 – 1112 Kyanzittha
- 1112 – 1167 Alaungsithu
- 1173 – 1210 Narapatisithu
- 1254 – 1287 Narathihapate
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Thailand
- 1431 Thais sack Angkor, take spoils to Ayutthaya. Khmer capital moves S. to area around Phnom Penh. Laos - Lan Sang
- 1434 Emerald Buddha discovered in N
- 1461 Lan-na captures Sukhothai Cambodia
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Vietnam
- 1407 Chinese occupy the N but are expelled by Le Dynasty
- 1428 - 1539 Le Dynasty (N)
- 1471 Viets take over most of Champa Burma |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Central Asia |
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Mongol Empire 1206 - 1502 |
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Seljuk Empire 1037 - 1194 |
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Golden Horde 1378 - 1502 |
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The Great Khans 1206 - 1388 |
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Mongol Khitans 916 - 1124 |
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Mughulistan 1227 - 1363 |
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Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan 1000s - 1300s |
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Timurid Empire
1401 - 1505 |
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- 1010s The extension of Ghaznavid rule from Iraq to the Sind.
- 1040 The Seljuqs defeat the Ghaznavids at the Battle of Dandanqan, near Merv.
- 1050s The Qarakhanid Empire splits in two: one rules over Western Turkestan (Transoxiana), the other over Eastern Turkestan (the Tarim Basin).
- 1055 The Seljuqs, under Tüghral Beg, capture Baghdad, the Abbasid capital, from the Buwayhids, establish the Seljuq Sultanate, and become the official protectors of the Caliphate.
- 1060 The pagan Oghuz, known to the Byzantines as the Cumans, move into the Russian steppe.
- 1068 The Cumans defeat the South Russian princes.
- 1071 The Seljuqs, under Alp-Arslan, defeat the Byzantine emperor Romanus Diogenes at the Battle of Manzikert and establish the Turkish sultanate of Rum in Anatolia.
- 1073 The Seljuqs defeat the Qarakhanids.
- 1092 The death of the Seljuq sultan Malik-Shah, resulting in the division of the Sultanate into three parts: Nicaea (Anatolia), Hamadan (Persia), and Merv (Transoxiana and Khurasan).
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| - 1000s - 1300s Buddhism translated from Sanskrit to Tibetan |
- 1100 the turkic-speaking Seldjuks expand in Persia, Mesopotamia and Turkey
- 1115 the Jurchen (Manchu) overrun the Kitan and found the Jin dynasty
- 1122 The Russians defeat the Cumans.
- 1124 The Tungusic Juchen drive the Mongol Khitans (Liao dynasty: 916-1124) from China, resulting in the creation of the Qarakhitai state in Semirechye.
The White Horde
1226 - 1280
- 1280 - 1302 Orda
- 1302 - 09 Kochu
- 1309 - 15 Buyan
- 1315 - 20 Sasibuqa
- 1320 - 44 Ilbasan
- 1344 - 74 Mubarak Khwaja
- 1374 - 76 Chimtay
- 1376 - 77 Urus
- 1378 Toqtaqiya |
- 1130 the Kitan are driven southwest, defeat the Seljuk and establish the Karakitai state
- 1135 Mongols led by Kabul Khan raid northern China
- 1137 The Qarakhitai defeat the Qarakhanids (now vassals of the Seljuqs) at Khojent.
- 1140 - 41 The Qarakhitais defeat the Seljuq Sultan Sanjar at the Battle of the Qatwan Steppe, thus gaining power in Transoxiana.
- 1153 The overthrow of the Seljuq Sultanate of Merv by Oghuz mercenaries.
- 1155 The birth of Chingiz Khan.
- 1157 The death of Sultan Sanjar, resulting in the breakup of the remaining Seljuq Sultanate.
| - 1164 - 1214 Genghis Khan founded the Mongul Empire. (An alternate spelling is Zengis Khan.) Zengis-Khan was one of the bloodiest conquerors of the world. Fourteen million people perished by his sword, under the pretense of establishing the worship of "One God and Mahomet as his Prophet." |
- 1190 Temujin (Genghis Khan) Becomes king of the Mongols
- 1194 The death of Tüghril III, the last Persian Seljuq ruler, resulting in the end of Seljuq power in Iran and the rise of the Turkic Khwarezmians in Transoxiana.
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- 1206 Zengis Khan took Central Asia.
The Khans 1206 - 1294
- 1206 - 27 Genghis Khan
- Genghis Khan 1965
- Conqueror 1956
- The Mongols 1961
- 1229 - 41 Ogedei Khan
- 1241 - 46 Toregene Khatun
- 1246 - 48 Guyuk Khan
- 1248 - 51 Oghul Ghaymish
- 1251 - 59 Mongke Khan
- 1260 - 94 Kublai Khan |
- 1214 Ghengis Khan took Northern China.
| - 1220 - 60 Mongols invade Islamic lands |
- 1238 Tatar Burundi invades Poland at Volga river
- I Tartari (Tartars) 1961
The Blue Horde
1227 - 1256
- 1256 -57 Batu
- 1257 - 67 Sartaq
- 1267 - 80 Berke
- 1280 - 87 Mongke Temur
- 1287 - 91 Tode Mongke
- 1291 - 1313 Tole Buqa
- 1313 - 41 Toqta
- 1341 - 42 Muhammad Özbeg
- 1342 - 57 Toni Beg
- 1357 - 59 Jani Beg
- 1378 Berdi Beg |
The Ilkhans 1231 - 1304
- 1231 - 56 Tolui1
- 1256 - 65 Hulegu
- 1265 - 82 Abaqa
- 1282 - 84 Ahmad Teguder
- 1284 - 91 Arghun
- 1291 - 95 Gaykhatu
- 1295 - 1304 Ghazan |
Mughulistan
1227 - 1306
- 1227 - 44 Chaghatay
- 1244 - 46 Qara Hulegu
- 1246 - 51 Yesu Mongke
- 1251 - 52 Qara Hulegu
- 1252 - 60 Orqina Khatun
- 1260 - 66 Alughu
- 1266 - 71 Baraq / Ghiyath ad Dîn
- 1271 - 72 Negubey
- 1272 - 82 Buqa / Toqa Temu
- 1282 - 1306 Du'ar |
- 1209 The Mongols defeat the Kirghiz of the Yenisei, forcing them to flee south to the Tien Shan.
- The Uighurs, under Barchuq, submit to Mongol rule.
- 1210 The Khwarezmians defeat the Qarakhitais.
- 1215 The Mongols invade northern China, besieging and sacking the Jin capital of Yanjing (later known as Beijing).
- 1218 The Mongols capture Semirechye and the Tarim Basin, occupying Kashgar.
- The execution of Mongol envoys by the Khwarezmian Shah Muhammad sets in motion the first Mongol westward thrust.
- 1219 The Mongols cross the Jaxartes River (Syr Darya) and begin their invasion of Transoxiana.
- 1220 The Mongols capture Bukhara and Samarkand, defeating the Khwarezmians.
- 1221 The Mongol conquest of Khurasan and Afghanistan.
- 1223/24 The Mongols, in pursuit of the Khwarezmian shah, encounter the Russians on the river Kalka, where they defeat them.
- 1227 The death of Chingiz Khan, resulting in the division of his empire amongst his heirs, including Batu (the Kipchak Khanate, on the Russian steppe) and Chagatai (The Chagatayid Khanate, in Transoxiana, the Tarim Basin, and Semirechye).
- 1231 The Mongols defeat a resurrected Khwarezmian Shahdom.
- 1236 The second Mongol westward thrust begins.
- 1240 Kiev falls to the Mongols and Russia comes under the Mongol yoke.
- 1242 The Mongols stop their westward advance at the gates of Vienna.
- 1243 The Mongols defeat the Seljuqs at the Battle of Kösedagh.
- 1244 A group of Khwarezmians, fleeing from the Mongols, capture Jerusalem from the Crusaders.
- 1249/50 The establishment of the Kipchak Turkic Mamluke dynasty in Egypt.
- 1256 The Mongol Il-Khanid dynasty is established in Iran under Hülegü.
- 1258 The Mongols destroy Baghdad and bring the Abbasid caliphate to an end.
- 1260 The Mamlukes defeat the Mongols at the Battle of 'Ayn Jalut.
- The Kipchak Khanate divides into the White and Golden Hordes.
- The Mongol Yüan dynasty is established in China under Kublai Khan.
- 1270 The Uighur Kingdom is defeated by rebels.
- 1284 The Uighur Kingdom is absorbed into the Chagatai Khanate.
- 1294/95 The Il-Khanids convert to Islam under Ghazan Khan.
- 1299 - 1300 The Seljuq Sultanate of Anatolia breaks up into smaller principalities, to be succeeded by the Ottoman Turk Emirate, founded by Osman I (ruled 1290-1326).
- 1206 Temujin (Genghis Khan) unifies all mongol and tatar tribes
- 1210 Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers the kingdom of Xi Xia
- 1215 Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers the kingdom of the Jin/Jurchen
- 1216 Temujin (Genghis Khan) builds a new citadel, Karakorum/Kharkhorin
- 1218 the Mongols conquer the kingdom of Kara-Khitai (Kitan/Liao)
- 1219 Temujin (Genghis Khan) conquers the Khwarizm empire (Uzbekistan)
- 1220 the Mongols conquer Merv (Turkmenistan)
- The Mongol capital of Karakorum is founded (Tumen Angalant palace)
- 1221 the Mongols conquer Herat (Afghanistan)
- 1223 a first Mongol horde defeats a coalition of Russian princes on the Kalka river
- 1224 Genghis Khan splits his empire into khanates ruled by his four sons Jochi (western part), Ogodei (southern Siberia and western Mongolia), Chaghatay (Transoxania and Kara-Khitai), Tolui (the traditional Mongol lands)
- 1225 Jochi dies and his son Batu inherits his khanate and assigns the eastern part to his brother Orda
- 1226 the Jurchen invade northern China and Korea
- Genghis Khan attacks the Soong state
- 1227 Genghis Khan dies and is succeeded by Ogodai who rules over Chaghatay's khanate in West Turkestan, Tolui's Eastern Mongolia, Batu's Blue Horde in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, and Orda's White Horde in Kazakhstan and Ogodai moves the capital to Karakorum
- 1231 the Mongols invade Korea
- 1237 the Mongols, led by Batu, invade Russia
- 1240 Batu's Mongols ("blue horde") take Kiev, capital of Russia
- 1241 Batu's "Blue Horde" invade Poland, Hungary and the Balkans
- Ogodai dies, the Mongols retreat from Europe and Ogodai's widow T”regene takes over as regent
- Batu's younger brother Shayban raids Hungary and then splits, establishing the Shaybanid Horde
- 1246 the papal envoy Giovanni da Pian del Carpine visits the Mongol capital Karakorum
- Ogodei's son Guyuk becomes the third grand khan
- 1251 Tolui's son Mongke becomes the fourth grand khan
- Mongke's brother Hulegu leads the Mongol invasion of Persia and establishes the Ilkhanate
- 1255 Batu dies and is succeeded by his brother Berke, a Muslim convert
- Hulegu, the Ilkhan, invades the Middle East and captures Bagdhad, which becomes the capital of the Ilkhanate
- 1257 Mongols led by Mongke's brother Kublai conquer China all the way to Hanoi
- 1258 Mongols led by Hulegu conquer Mesopotamia and Syria
- 1260 Kublai is appointed Khan and declares Buddhism the state religion
- Mongols are defeated for the first time in Palestine (by Muslims, in the battle of Ain Jalut)
- 1263 Hulegu assumes the title of "Ilkhan" as ruler of Persia
- 1265 Hulegu dies
- 1267 Kublai Khan moves the Mongol capital to Dadu (Beijing) and founds the Yuan dynasty
- 1274 Kublai Khan fails to invade Japan
- 1277 the Mongols invade Burma
- 1282 the new Shaybanid khan Uzbek converts the Shaybanid horde to Islam and his horde becomes known as the Uzbeks
- 1282 - 1342 Khan Uzbek
- 1284 the Uighur empire is absorbed into the Chagatai Khanate
- 1293 Kublai Khan fails to invade Java
- 1294 Kublai Khan dies and the empire fragments in khanates
- 1295 Ghazan, the Ilkhan, converts to Islam |
- 1304 Oljeitu, the Ilkhan, proclaims himself a shiite
- Mongols under Ali Beg invade India but are repelled by the Delhi sultanate
The Ilkhans 1304 - 1387
- 1304 - 16 Oljeitu/ Muhammad Khudabanda
- 1316 - 35 Abu Said Ala
- 1335 - 36 Arpa Keun
- 1336 - 37 Musa
- 1337 - 38 Muhammad
- 1338 - 53 Jalayirids
- 1387 Timurids
|
The Golden Horde
1378 - 1395
- 1395 - 1419 Toqtamish
- 1395 - 1401 Edigu |
- 1294 - 1307 Temur Oljeytu Khan
- 1307 - 1311 Hai-Shan
- 1311 - 1320 Ayurbarwada
- 1320 - 1323 Shidebala
- 1323 - 1328 Yesun-Temur
- 1328 - 1329 Jijaghatu Toq-Temur
- 1329 - 1332 Jijaghatu Toq-Temur
- 1332 - 1333 Irinchibal
- 1333 - 1370 Toghan-Temur
- 1370 - 1388 Togus-Temur
Mughulistan
1306 - 1363
- 1306 - 08 Konchek
- 1308 - 09 Taliqu
- 1309 - 20 Esen Buqa
- 1320 - 26 Kebek
- 1326 - 34 Tarmashirin Ala ad Din
- 1334 - 38 Changshi
- 1338 - 42 Yesun Temur
- 1342 - 43 Muhammad
- 1343 - 46 Qazan
- 1346 - 58 Danishmendji
- 1359 - 63 Tughluq Temur
- 1363 Timurids |
- 1303 The Mamlukes stop the last Mongol invasion of Syria.
- 1310's The Chagatai Khanate splits in two parts: Transoxiana (West) and Moghulistan (East).
- 1313 - 41 The rule of the Golden Horde by Khan Uzbek (1282 -1342), under whom the Horde converts to Islam.
- 1326 The conversion of the Chagatayid Khan Tarmashirin to Islam.
- 1336 The end of the Il-Khanid dynasty in Iran.
- 1336 The birth of Timur.
- 1346 - 63 The rule of the Chagatai Khan Tughlug Timur in Transoxiana.
- 1363 Timur expels Khan Tughlug Timur and sets up a puppet Khan under his control.
- 1368 The end of the Yüan dynasty in China.
- 1370 Timur becomes the sole ruler of Transoxiana.
- 1377 - 95 The rule of the Golden Horde by Khan Tokhtamysh.
- 1380 The Russians defeat Mamay, Khan of the Golden Horde, at the Battle of Kulikova.
- 1380 The Golden Horde is amalgamated with the White Horde (together called by the former name).
- 1380-87 Timur conquers Iran.
- 1382 Tokhtamysh sacks and burns Moscow.
- 1390's The Turfan Uighurs accept Islam.
- 1395 Timur defeats Tokhtamysh, destroys the Golden Horde capital of Sarai Berke, and briefly occupies Moscow.
- 1398 Timur defeats the Delhi sultanate.
- 1316 Oljeitu, the Ilkhan, builds a new capital, Sultaniyeh, and his own domed mausoleum
- 1327 Chagatay khan Tarmashirin converts to Islam
- 1328 the Mongols invade India but are repelled by the Delhi sultanate
- 1335 Abu Said dies and the Ilkhan khanate ends
- 1342 Shaybanid khan Uzbek dies
- 1350 the Shaybani horde (southeast of the Urals) renames itself Uzbek
- 1365 the turkic-speaking Aksak Temur/Timur/Tamerlane overthrow the Chaghatai khanate and conquers Persia, establishing his capital in Samarkand
- 1368 the Ming dynasty is founded by a Chinese peasant and former Buddhist monk turned rebel, Chu Yuanchang, under whose leadership China regains independence from the Mongols
- 1378 union of White Horde and Blue Horde into the Golden Horde (Kipchak Khanate) under Toqtamish, with capital in Sarai Berke
- 1384 Timur captures Herat and Sultaniyeh (the Ilkhan)
- 1388 the Ming defeat the Yuan and destroy Karakorum
- 1391 Timur defeats the "Golden Horde" and reaches the Black Sea
- 1395 Timur sacks Baghdad
- the Khazak horde seizes Khazakstan from the Chagatai and Golden hordes
- 1398 Timur invades India and sacks Delhi, causing demise of the Delhi Sultinate
|
- 1391 - 1474 Gendun Drup
- 1475 - 1542 Gendun Gyatso |
The Golden Horde
1401 - 1502
- 1401 - 07 Temur Qutlugh
- 1407 - 10 Shadî Beg
- 1410 - 12 Pulad Khan
- 1412 - 14 Temur
- 1414 - 17 Karim Berdi
- 1417 - 19 Kebek
- 1419 - 22 Yeremferden
- 1419 - 22 Ulugh Muhammad
- 1422 - 33 Dawlat Berdi
- 1433 - 35 Baraq
- 1435 - 65 Sayyid Ahmad I
- 1465 - 81 Kuchuk Muhammad
- 1481 - 98 Ahmad
- 1481 - 99 Shaykh Ahmad
- 1499 - 1502 Murtada
- 1502 Shaykh Ahmad |
- 1400 Timur defeats the Mamlukes in Syria.
- 1401 Timur destroys Baghdad.
- 1402 Timur defeats the Ottoman sultan Bayezid I at the Battle of Ankara.
- Timur captures Ottoman Turk Sultan Beyazid I
- 1405 The death of Timur.
- Timur dies (buried in Samarkand) on his way to conquer China and his empire disintegrates
- 1407 Timur's son Shah Rukh re-conquers most of Timur's empire
- 1407 - 47 The rule of Timur's son Shah Rukh (1377-1447) in Herat.
- 1407 - 49 The rule of Shah Rukh's son Ulugh Beg (1394-1449) in Samarkand.
- 1408 The emirate of the Black Sheep Turks is established in western Persia.
- 1409 Shah Rukh moves the Timurid capital to Herat
- 1417 Shah Rukh is succeeded by his son Ulugh Beg
- 1420 Ulugh Beg begins to build the Registan in Samarkand
- 1430 part of the Golden Horde splits off to form the Khanate of the Crimea under Hajji Giray Khan
- Part of the Golden Horde splits off to form the Khanate of the Crimea under Hajji Giray Khan.
- 1434 The rise of the Oyrat (Western) Mongols in Jungaria.
- 1440 the Uzbeks move south to Transoxiana under Abu al-Khayr
- 1445 Part of the Golden Horde splits off to form the Khanate of Kazan.
- Part of the Golden Horde splits off to form the Khanate of Kazan
- 1447 Shah Rukh dies and his son Ulugh Beg succeeds him
- 1449 Ulugh Beg is murdered by his own son
- 1451 Abu Said rules the Timurids
- Muhammad Shaybani becomes the khan of the Uzbeks
- 1451/52-69 The reign of the Timurid ruler Abu Sa'id (1424 - 69).
- 1453 The Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople.
- 1460 the Turcomans invade Persia and Mesopotamia
- 1464 - 65 The Muscovite Prince Ivan III (the Great, reigned 1462 - 1505) sends an embassy to Abu Sa'id.
- 1466 Dayan Khan unifies the Mongolian tribes again in Mongolia
- Part of the Golden Horde splits off to form the Khanate of Astrakhan
- Part of the Golden Horde splits off to form the Khanate of Astrakhan.
- 1467 The White Sheep Turks defeat the Black Sheep Turks in Persia.
- 1478 - 1506 The reign of the Timurid ruler Husayn Bayqara (1438 - 1506) in Herat.
- 1469 Abu Said dies and the western Timurid empire (the Ilkhan) dissolves
- 1478 Husayn Bayqara rules the Timurids from Herat
- 1480 Ivan III liberates Russia from the Mongols
- Ivan III throws off the Mongol yoke and proclaims himself Czar of Russia.
- 1490 Husayn Bayqara sends an embassy to Moscow.
- 1490's The Kazakh Empire is established on the Central Asian steppes.
- The decline of the overland trade routes, including the Silk Road, due to a new emphasis on trade by sea.
- 1497 Babur (1483 - 1530), the ruler of Ferghana, captures Samarkand.
- Babur, a Turkic descendant of both Genghis Khan and Timur, becomes the ruler of Ferghana and founds the Mughal (Mogul) dynasty
- 1510's The Uzbeks move south to Transoxiana under Abu al-Khayr (1413 - 69). |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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The Americas |
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Incan Empire
1438 - 1533 |
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Post Classic Maya 900 - 1500 |
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Aztec Empire 1375 - 1521 |
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- 1100 Aztecs left homeland in search of new home.
- 1195 Aztecs arrived in Valley of Mexico.
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- 1200 Incas migrate to Peru from the Andes & begin building roads
-
Northern Maya cities begin to be abandoned.
- 1224 The city of Chichen Itza is abandoned by the Toltecs. A people known as the Uicil-abnal, which later takes the name Itza, settles in the desolate city.
- 1244 The Itza abandon Chichen Itza for reasons unknown.
- 1250 Aztecs settled near Lake Texcoco.
- 1263 The Itza begin building the city of Mayapan.
- 1283 Mayapan becomes the capital of Yucatan.
|
- 1300 Incan Empire expands from northern Ecuador to Chile
- 1325 Tenochtitlan was founded. First temple built by Aztecs.
- 1350 Inca Rocca founds Henan Cuzco dynasty
-
Causeways built with canals.
- 1370 Tenoch, Aztec Priest-Ruler, died. Aztecs ruled by Tepanecs.
- 1375 Acamapichtli becomes first ruler of Aztecs. |
- 1400 Tepanecs were defeated.
- Aztecs expand and rule whole valley.
- 1428 Aztecs joined forces with Texcoco & Tlacopan formed Triple Alliance. Atzcapotzalco conquered.
- 1438 expansion of the Inca empire begins under Pachacuti
- 1440 Moctezuma started rule.
- 1441 There is a rebellion within Mayapan and the city is abandoned by 1461. Shortly after this, Yucatan degenerates from a single united kingdom into sixteen rival statelets, each anxious to become the most powerful.
- 1452 Tenochtitlan destroyed by flood.
- 1452 - 4 Famine.
- 1458 Moctezuma sent armies to conquer lands.
- 1469 Moctezuma I died.
- 1486 Ahuizotu became ruler.
- 1487 Great Temple at Tenochtitlan dedicated.
Aztecs expanded southward into Mayan territories.
- 1492 Columbus discovers America |
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1100's |
1200's |
1300's |
1400's |
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Africa |
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Abyssinian Empire 1270 - 1974 |
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Mali Empire 1300s - 1600s |
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Songhai Empire
1400s - 1500s |
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Malinké Empire 1400 - ? |
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Ghana Empire 900 - 1240 |
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Extensive slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean 600 - 1500 |
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Kongo Empire 1100 - 1884 |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Technology |
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Brahmagupta 598 - 668 |
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- Anno Domini system
- Backgammon (nard) in Persia by Burzoe
- Chess, as chaturanga, entered Persia from India and was modified to shatranj.
- Breast-strap horse harness in use in Frankish kingdom
- Byzantine Empire acquires silk technology from China
- Vaghbata, Indian medical books
- Vaghbata, Indian medical books |
- The stirrup introduced to Persia from China, late 7th century
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- Heavy plow in use in the Rhine valley
- horsecollar in use in Northern Europe in 8th or 9th century
- papermaking introduced from China to Arabs
- 770 iron horseshoes come into common use
- Pattadakal, Chalukya Architecture |
- Vulgar Latin begins to devolve into various Romance languages
- 843 rotary grindstone in Europe (Utrecht Psalter)
- Invention of gunpowder by Chinese Taoist Alchemists |
- Hop (plant) first mentioned in connection with beer brewing
- 900 Europe was beginning to take shape as it is today. France, Austria and Germany grew strong.
- 912 Chivalry commenced. The knights swore to be true to their trusts as the champions of God and the ladies. Chivalry flourished from the eleventh to the fifteenth century.
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Religion |
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Age of Roman Catholic Religious Omnipower 755 - 1529 |
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Age of Chivalry 912 - 1400s |
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Age of Pisces 100 BC - 2680 |
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- 498 - 514 Symmachus 16 years
- 514 - 23 Hormisdas 9 years
- 523 - 26 John I 3 years
- 526 - 30 Felix IV 4 years
- 530 - 32 Boniface II 2 years
- 533 - 35 John II 2 years
- 535 - 36 Agapetus I 1 year
- 536 - 37 Silverius 1 year
- 537 - 55 Vigilius 18 years
- 556 - 61 Pelagius I 5 years
- 561 - 74 John III 13 years
- 575 - 79 Benedict I 4 years
- 579 - 90 Pelagius II 11 years
- 590 - 604 Gregory I 14 years |
| - 553 Fifth Council held at Constantinople. |
- 590 Roman Catholicism after Constantine; Pope Gregory
- 596 St. Augustine arrived in England with 40 monks sent by Gregory the Great.
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- 604 - 606 Sabinian 2 years
- 607 Boniface III 1 years
- 608 - 15 Boniface IV 7 years
- 615 - 18 Adeodatus I 3 years
- 619 - 25 Boniface V 6 years
- 625 - 38 Honorius I 13 years
- 638 - 40 Severinus 2 years
- 640 - 42 John IV 2 years
- 642 - 49 Theodore I 7 years
- 649 - 55 Martin I 6 years
- 654 - 57 Eugene I 3 years
- 657 - 72 Vitalian 15 years
- 672 - 76 Adiodatus II 4 years
- 676 - 78 Donus 2 years
- 678 - 81 Agatho 3 years
- 681 - 83 Leo II 2 years
- 684 - 85 Benedict II 1 year
- 685 - 86 John V 1 year
- 686 - 87 Conon 1 year
- 687 - 701 Sergius I 14 years |
- 610 Prophet Muhammad begins receiving revelations
- 613 Prophet Muhammad begins public preaching in Mecca
- 619 Death of Prophet’s wife Khadijah and uncle Abu Thalib, leaving the Prophet without a protector.
- 621 Prophet’s first contact with Medina
- 622 Migration (Hijrah) of the Prophet & his followers to Medina
- First year of Islamic calendar
- 624 - 27 Series of battles between the Prophet and his followers and the Meccans
- 630 Prophet occupies Mecca, destroys idols in Kaaba.
- 632 Death of Prophet
- Abu Bakar becomes first caliph
- 634 - 44 Reign of 2nd Caliph Umar
| - 680 Sixth Council held at Constantinople. |
- 696 Radbod, King of the Frisians, rejects attempts to convert him to Christianity. |
- 701 - 05 John VI 4 years
- 705 - 07 John VII 2 years
- 708 Sisinnius
- 708 - 15 Constantine 7 years
- 715 - 31 Gregory II 16 years
- 731 - 41 Gregory III 10 years
- 741 - 52 Zachary 9 years
- 752 Stephen |
| - 732 - 804 Padmasambhava inventor of Tibetan Buddhism |
- 755 - 1529 Age of Roman Catholic Religious Omnipower |
| - 787 Seventh Council held at Nicaea |
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| - 869 - 70 Eighth Council held at Constantinople |
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- 912 Chivalry commenced. The knights swore to be true to their trusts as the champions of God and the ladies. Chivalry flourished from the eleventh to the fifteenth century.
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Empires |
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Aksumite 400 - 700 |
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Frankish Empire 509 – 843 |
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Tibetan Empire 600s – 1000s |
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Arab Empire 630 - 1258 |
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Bulgarian Empire 681 - 1018 |
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Chola Empire 800s - 1200s |
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Venetian Empire 800s - 1797 |
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Khmer Empire 802 - 1462 |
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Great Moravian
833 - 900s |
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Holy Roman Empire 843 – 1806 |
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Ghana 900 - 1240 |
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Tu'i Tonga
950 – 1875? |
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Ghaznavid
963 - 1187 |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Mediterranean |
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Bulgarian Empire 681 - 1018 |
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Venetian Empire 800s - 1797 |
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Early Byzantine Empire 330 - 843 |
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Middle Byzantine 843 - 1260 |
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- 500 - 548 Theodora
- Teodora Imparatrice Di Bisanzio 1954
- 518 - 527 Justin I 9 years
- 527 - 65 Justinian I 38 years
- Last Roman 1968
- 565 - 78 Justin II 13 years
- 578 - 82 Tiberius II Constantine 4 years
- 582 - 602 Maurice 20 years |
| - 553 Fifth Council held at Constantinople. |
- 498 - 514 Symmachus 16 years
- 514 - 23 Hormisdas 9 years
- 523 - 26 John I 3 years
- 526 - 30 Felix IV 4 years
- 530 - 32 Boniface II 2 years
- 533 - 35 John II 2 years
- 535 - 36 Agapetus I 1 year
- 536 - 37 Silverius 1 year
- 537 - 55 Vigilius 18 years
- 556 - 61 Pelagius I 5 years
- 561 - 74 John III 13 years
- 575 - 79 Benedict I 4 years
- 579 - 90 Pelagius II 11 years
- 590 - 604 Gregory I 14 years |
- 568 The Lombard Kingdom of Italy began. The Lombards (of Vandal origin, from the north), under Alboin, took over the Ostrogothic monarchy of Italy. The Ostrogothic nation disappeared from history.
- 596 St. Augustine arrived in England with 40 monks. He was sent by Gregory the Great.
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- 602 - 10 Phocas 8 years
- 610 - 41 Heraclius 31 years
- 641 Constantine III
- Heraclianus
- 641 - 68 Constans II 27 years
- 668 - 69 Mezezius 1 year
- 652 - 85 Constantine IV 35 years
- 685 - 95 Justinian II 10 years
- 695 - 98 Leontios 3 years
- 698 - 705 Tiberios III 7 years
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| - 680 Sixth Council held at Constantinople. |
- 604 - 606 Sabinian 2 years
- 607 Boniface III 1 years
- 608 - 15 Boniface IV 7 years
- 615 - 18 Adeodatus I 3 years
- 619 - 25 Boniface V 6 years
- 625 - 38 Honorius I 13 years
- 638 - 40 Severinus 2 years
- 640 - 42 John IV 2 years
- 642 - 49 Theodore I 7 years
- 649 - 55 Martin I 6 years
- 654 - 57 Eugene I 3 years
- 657 - 72 Vitalian 15 years
- 672 - 76 Adiodatus II 4 years
- 676 - 78 Donus 2 years
- 678 - 81 Agatho 3 years
- 681 - 83 Leo II 2 years
- 684 - 85 Benedict II 1 year
- 685 - 86 John V 1 year
- 686 - 87 Conon 1 year
- 687 - 701 Sergius I 14 years |
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- 705 - 11 Justinian II 6 years
- 711 - 13 Phillipikos 2 years
- 713 - 15 Anastasios II 2 years
- 715 - 17 Theodosios III 2 years
- 717 - 41 Leo III the Isaurian 24 years
- 741 - 75 Constantine V 4 years
- 741 - 43 Artapasdos 2 years
- 751 - 80 Leo IV the Khazar 29 years
- 776 - 97 Constantine VI 21 years
- 797 - 802 Irene of Athens 5 years
- 802 - 11 Nikephoros I 9 years |
- 714 Mahometan Spain emerged under Emirs.
- 732 During the Battle of Tours, Charles Martel defeated the Saracens and saved Europe from Asiatic civilization.
- 755 Papal Rome began.
- 752 - 57 Stephen II 5 years
- 758 - 68 Paul I 10 years.
- 768 - 72 Stephen III 4 years.
- 772 - 95 Adrian I 23 years
- 795 - 815 Leo III 20 years. |
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Astolphus, King of Italy, surrendered the Exarchate (or Reavenna) to Pepin. He gave it to Stephen III who thus obtained civil power. Naples, Sicily and Lower Italy were retained by the Eastern Empire.
| - 787 Seventh Council held at Nicaea |
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- 811 Staurakios
- 811 - 13 Michael I Rangabe 2 years
- 813 - 20 Leo V the Armenian
& Constantine 7 years
- 770 - 820 Michael II 50 years
- 813 - 29 Theophilos 26 years
- 840 - 42 Michael III 2 years
- 811 - 67 Basil I the Macedonian 55 years
- 866 - 86 Leo VI the Wise 20 years
- 870 - 912 Alexander III 42 years
- 905 - 08 Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos 3 years
- 870 - 920 Romanos I Lekopenos 50 years
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- 800 Charlemagne proclaimed emperor in Rome
- 816 - 17 Stephen IV 2 years
- 817 - 24 Pascal I 7 years.
- 824 - 27 Eugenius 3 years.
- 827 - 43 Gregory IV 16 years.
- 844 - 47 Sergius 3 years.
- 846 - 52 Leo IV 6 years.
- 853 - 58 Benediot III 5 years.
- 858 - 67 Nicholas 9 years.
- 867 - 72 Adrian II 5 years. |
| - 869 - 70 Eighth Council held at Constantinople |
- 872 - 82 John VIII 10 years.
- 882 - 85 Two Popes 3 years.
- 885 - 91 Stephen VI 6 years.
- 891 - 94 Formosus 3 years.
- 896 - 905 Seven Popes 9 years |
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- 900 Europe was beginning to take shape as it is today. France, Austria and Germany grew strong.
- 938 - 59 Romanos II Porphyrogennetos 21 years
- 912 - 63 Nikephoros II Phokas 51 years
- 925 - 69 John I Tzimiskes 44 years
- 958 - 76 Basil II the Bulgar Slayer 18 years
- 960 - 1025 Constantine VIII 65 years
- 978 - 1018 Zoe 40 years
- 968 - 1028 Romanos III Argyros 60 years
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- 905 - 10 Sergius III 5 years.
- 911 - 14 Two Popes 3 years, Anastasius III & Lando.
- 913 - 18 John X 5 years.
- 936 - 39 Leo VII 3 years.
- 939 - 42 Stephen IX 3 years.
- 942 - 46 Marin II 4 years.
- 946 - 56 Agapetus II 10 years.
- 956 - 64 John XII 8 years.
- 964 - 72 John XIII 8 years.
- 973 - 83 Benedict VII 10 years.
- 984 - 86 John XIV 2 years.
- 986 - 96 John XVI 10 years.
- 996 - 99 Gregory V 3 years. |
- Normandy broke away from France under the leadership of Robert, First Duke of Normandy.
- 912 Chivalry commenced. The knights swore to be true to their trusts as the champions of God and the ladies. Chivalry flourished from the eleventh to the fifteenth century.
- 997 Venice became independent of the Eastern Empire and acquired Dalmatian and Istria.
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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North Europe |
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Frankish Empire 509 – 843 |
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Charlamagne
768 - 814 |
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Great Moravian
833 - 900s |
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Holy Roman Empire 843 – 1806 |
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Building of the Danevirke 737 - 1160 |
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Viking Age 793 - 1066 |
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| - 493 - 526 King Theodoric the Great, later a prominent hero in Germanic tales, rules in Rome until his death. |
| - 500 - 30 Lives of the historical antecedents of Beowulf, Hrothgar, Hrolf Kraki. |
- 596 St. Augustine arrived in England with 40 monks. He was sent by Gregory the Great.
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- 630 Olaf became King of Norway.
- 639 Date of the Sutton-Hoo ship-burial, a rich Germanic grave containing artifacts of Swedish manufacture.
- 659 Penda, last heathen king of England, dies in battle.
- 696 Radbod, King of the Frisians, rejects attempts to convert him to Christianity.
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- 700 Primitive Norse (or Runic Norse) gives way to Old Norse.
- 762 Ruric, a Varangian Chief established the first government of Russia.
- 768 - 814 Charlamagne (Charles the Great, son of Pepin) came to power in Europe. He was considered a great prince. He was the strongest and tallest man of his time, but plain in dress and diet.
- Charlemagne, Charles the Prince 1995 |
- 772 Charlemagne begins his war of extermination against the heathen Saxons, destroying the Irminsul.
- 790 Sweden emerged under Ragnor Lodbrog.
- 793 Norse sea-raiders sack the Anglo-Celtic monastary at Lindisfarne.
- 794 Denmark emerged under Sigurd.
- 795 Norse raids on Ireland begin.
Alfred the Great
871 - 899
- Alfred the Great 1969
- King Arthur
- King Arthur 2004
- Camelot 1967
- Knights of the Round Table 1953
- Sword of Lancelot 1963
- Excalibur 1981
- First Knight 1995
- Arthur the King 1985
- World of Lancelot 1963 |
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- 800 Charlemagne proclaimed emperor in Rome
- The Elder Futhark is replaced by the Younger or Sixteen-Rune Futhark.
- 800 - 10 Reign of King Godfrid of Denmark.
- 810 Death of Charlemagne.
- 810 - 27 Reign of King Harald Klak of Denmark.
- 827 - 53 Reign of King Horik Godfredsson of Denmark.
- 835 Danish raiders ally with the Cornish against the rule of King Ecgbehrt of Wessex.
- 840 - 70 Reign of King Halfdan the Black of Norway.
| - 843 – 1806 Holy Roman Empire |
- 844 - 45 Norse raids on Moorish Spain begin.
- 845 Al-Ghazal's embassy to Turgeis, King of the Vikings in Ireland.
- 851 First Norse raid on Wales recorded in the Welsh chronicles Annales Cambriae, Brut y Tywysogion and Brut y Saeson stating that a certain Cyngen or Cinnen died on the swords of "the Heathen".
- 852 The Swedish Rus become dominant among the Volga.
- 853 - 73 Reign of King Rorik of Denmark.
- 860 The Norse discovery of Iceland.
- 870 The Settlement of Iceland begins.
- 870 - 945 Reign of King Harald Harfagra of Norway.
- 873 - 91 Kings Sigfred and Halfdan are co-rulers of Denmark.
- 878 Alfred the Great defeats Guthrum/Guthorm and forces the Viking forces to accept Christianity in return for English for settlement.
Harald Harfagra completes his conquest and unification of Norway and the Orkney Islands, many Norwegians flee to Iceland.
- 890's Reign of King Helgi of Denmark, followed by Swedish rule of Denmark under King Olaf the Swede. |
| - 910 - 90 Life of poet/warrior Egill Skallagrimsson. |
- 912 Gongu-Hrolf and his men take lands in Normandy as vassals of the French king. Their descendants become the Normans.
- 920 Ulfljotr the Norwegian brings the Gulathing Law to Iceland, where it is used as a model upon which Icelandic Law is based.
- 922 Ibn-Fadlan, an Arab ambassador to the Scandinavian Rus along the Volga, writes his account of their customs, including a full description of a ship/cremation funeral.
- 930 First Althing held at Thingvellir in Iceland, establishment of the Icelandic Free State.
- 930 - 1011 Life of Njal of Berthorsknoll.
- 935 - 950 Reign of King Gorm the Old of Denmark.
- 946 Reign of King Hakon the Good of Norway.
- 947 Start of reign of King Olafr Tryggvasson of Norway, Norway adopts Christianity.
- 950 - 83 Reign of King Haraldr Bluetooth of Denmark, Denmark adopts Christianity.
- 982 Eirikr inn Rauda (Eric the Red) discovers Greenland.
- 983 Start of reign of King Svein Forkbeard of Denmark.
- 986 Settlement of Greenland.
- 992 Poland became a kingdom.
Viking Age 793 - 1066
- The Vikings
- The Vikings 1958
- The Norseman 1978
- The Viking Sagas 1995 - Vikings go to Russia
- Thirteenth Warrior 1999 |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Middle East |
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Arab Empire 630 - 1258 |
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Rashidun |
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Umayyad 661 - 750 |
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Abassid, Civilization unfolding 750 - 1258 |
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Ghaznavid 963 - 1187 |
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Sassanian Empire 224 - 651 |
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- Backgammon (nard) in Persia by Burzoe
- Chess, as chaturanga, entered Persia from India and was modified to shatranj.
Sassanid dynasty
- 499 - 531 Kavad I (restored)
- 531 - 79 Khusrau I
- 579 - 90 Hormizd IV
- 590 - 91 Bahram VI |
- Mohammed, Messenger of God 1977
- 539 - 62 & 572 - 91 war between Byzantium and Persia
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Sassanid dynasty
- 590 - 628 Khusrau II
- 628 Kravad II
- 328 - 630 Ardashir III
- 630 Shahrbaraz
- 630 - 31 Boran
- 631 - 32 Azarmedukht
- 632 - 51 Yazdgard III |
- The stirrup introduced to Persia from China, late 7th century
- 610 Prophet Muhammad begins receiving revelations
- 613 Prophet Muhammad s.a.w begins public preaching in Mecca
- 619 Death of Prophet’s (s.a.w) wife Khadijah and uncle Abu Thalib, leaving the Prophet s.a.w without a protector.
- 621 Prophet’s (s.a.w) first contact with Medina
- 622 Migration (Hijrah) of the Prophet & his followers to Medina
First yr of Islamic calendar
- 624 - 27 Series of battles between the Prophet (s.a.w) and his followers and the Meccans
- 630 Prophet s.a.w occupies Mecca, destroys idols in Kaaba.
- 632 Death of Prophet s.a.w
Abu Bakar r.a becomes first caliph
- 634 - 44 Reign of 2nd Caliph Umar r.a
- 634 - 38 Muslim campaign in Syria & Palestine against Byzantines
- 635 Muslims occupy Damascus
- 638 Muslims conquer Jerusalem
- 641 First Muslim settlement in Egypt at Fustat (near Cairo)
- 642 Defeat of the Sassanian dynasty of Persia
- 644 - 56 Caliphate of Uthman r.a
- 651 Arab conquest of Sassanid Empire
- 656 - 61 Caliphate of Ali ibn Abu Talib, Prophet Muhammad’s (s.a.w) cousin & son-in-law
- 661 - 750 Caliphate of the Umyyad dynasty
Capital moved to Damascus
Muslim conquests extended through Iran acrss Northen Africa
- 670 Establishment of Kairouan in Tunisa
- 674 - 79 First siege of Constantinopole
- 680 Martyrdom of Ali’s Husayn at Kerbela, Iraq
- 692 Dome of the Rock begun in Jerusalem |
- 705 - 15 Great Mosque of Damascus built
- 711 Muslim armies enter Spain
Establish capital of Cordoba
- 711 - 13 Conquest of Sind and Tansaxiana
- 717 - 18 Second siege of Constatinopole
- 732 Battle of Tours
Charles Martel, King of the Franks, defeats Muslim army
- 747 Abbasid revolt begins
- 749 First Abbasid Caliph proclaimed
- 750 Defeat and massacre of the Umayyads; only survivor flees to Spain where he establishes Umayyad principality
- 751 Battle of Talas; Muslim armies face the Chinese in Central Aisa
- 756 - 1031 Umayyad dynasty in Spain
- 762 Abbasids establish Madinat-al-Salam as their new capital in Mesopotamia, known as Baghdad
- 767 Death of Abu Hanifa; founder of Hanafi school of law
- 786 - 809 Caliphate of Harun al-Rashid; later immortalized in the 1001 Nights
- 793 Death of Malik ibn Anas; founder of Maliki school of law |
- 800 - 09 Aghlabid dynasty of governors in Tunisaa
- 813 - 33 Caliphate of Mamum
- 820 Death of al-Shafii; founder of Shafii school of law
- 830 Mamun establishes “House of Wisdom” at Baghdad, responsible for translation of manuscripts from Greek, Syriac, Persian and Sanskrit into Arabic
- 836 Great mosque at Kairouan built
- 836 - 39 Abbasids move capital to Samarra, upriver from Baghdad
- 855 Death of Ahmad ibn Hanbal; founder Hanbali school of law
- 870 Death of al-Bukhari, collecter of Prophetic traditions
- 873 Death of philosopher al-Kindi
- 879 Mosque of Ibn Tulun founded in Cairo |
- 931 - 70 Count of Castille of Spain
- El valle de las espadas (Castilian) 1963
- 945 - 1055 Buyids occupy baghdad
- 950 Death of Philisopher al-Farabi
- 969 Fatimids conquer Egypt; move their capital to Cairo
- 970 Foundation of al-Azhar mosque in Cairo, often considered the first university
- 999 - 1171 Rival Fatimid caliphate established in North Africa
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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East Asia |
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Shailendra dynasty Indonesia
775 - 874 |
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Early Period in Burma 850 - 1120 |
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Chola Empire 800s - 1200s |
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Khmer Empire 802 - 1462 |
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Tang Dynasty in China 618 - 908 |
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Tu'i Tonga
950 – 1875? |
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Fujiwara dynasti 856 - 1086 |
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South & North Dnsts
420 - 588 |
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Five Dnsts
907 - 960 |
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Southern & Northern Dynasties
Southern Dynasties
420 - 588
- 420 - 78 Lui Song
- 479 -501 Southern Qi
- 502 - 56 Liang
- 557 - 88 Chen |
Northern Dynasties
386 - 588
- 386 - 533 Northern Wei
- 534 - 49 Eastern Wei
- 535 - 57 Western Wei
- 550 - 77 Northern Qi
- 557 - 88 Northern Zhou |
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- Vaghbata, Indian medical books |
Indonesia - Shrivijaya (Sumatra)
- 683 Jayanasa |
Burma Pyu kingdom (N)
Mon kingdom (S) |
| Thailand Dvaravati Mon kingdom |
- 624 - 705 Wu Zetian the only female Emperess
| Cambodia Early Kingdoms period. "Chenla." Sambor Prei Kuk (Ishanapura). Hindu, Buddhist sculptures. Old City at Lingaparvata (later site of Wat Phu) |
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- 762 Tai Tsong became Emperor of China.
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Indonesia
- 775 - 864 Shailendra dynasty (central Java).
- 800 Borobudur, Mendut
- 900 Lara Jonggrang (central Java) |
Burma
- 832 Thais conquer Pyu capital
- Burmese peoples migrate from S. China into N. Burma
- 850 - 1120 Early Period (Pagan) |
Thailand
- 802 - 35 Dvaravati Mon kingdom (S) Jayavarman II founds Khmer empire.
- 877 - 89 Indravarman I (Bakong).
- 889 - 900 Yasovarman I founds Angkor (East Baray)
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Vietnam
- 890's Dong Duong monastery complex
- 939 Viets (N) expel China |
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Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907 - 960
- 907 - 23 Liang
- 923 - 36 Tang
- 936 - 46 Jin
- 947 - 50 Han
- 951 - 60 Zhou
- 907 - 79 Ten Kingdoms |
| - 907 - 1125 Liao Dynasty |
- 928 - 41 Tai peoples migrate from S. China into N. Thailand Jayavarman IV, capital at Koh Ker.
- 944 - 68 Rajendravarman.
- 968 Banteay Srei |
- 950 – 1875? Tu'i Tonga
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| - 960 - 1279 Song Dynasties |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Central Asia |
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Tibetan Empire 600s – 1000s |
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- 552 the turkic-speaking khanate of Boumin or Kok ("Khan of the blue Turks") defeats the Mongols and extends its empire from Manchuria to the Aral sea (Western and Eastern Khanate)
- The Turks destroy the Juan-juan Empire and establish the Turkic Khaganate, nominally divided into Western and Eastern Khanates.
- 553 - 68 The Turks and Sassanians ally to destroy the Hephthalite Empire.
- late 500's The Hephthalites move west to the Russian steppe to form the Avar Khanate.
- 570 The birth of Muhammad.
- 572 - 91 The Turks and the Byzantines ally against the Sassanians.
- 576 The Turks invade the Caucasus and establish the Khazar Khanate.
- 580 Tardu unifies the Turks
- 582 The Turkic Khaganate officially breaks up into Western and Eastern Khanates.
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- 601 Turks under the command of Tardu siege China's capital Xian
- 617 - 649 Songtsän Gampo
- 618 The Tang dynasty is established in China.
- 618 Namri Songtsen
- 618 - 50 Songtsän Gampo
- 650 - 76 Mangsong Mangtsän
- 677 - 704 Tridu Songtsän |
- 629 the Chinese Tang begin anti-Turk campaigns
- 630 The Chinese occupy Mongolia (Eastern Turkic Khanate).
- 630 - 40 The Chinese subdue the Tarim Basin.
- 632 The death of Muhammad and beginning of the expansion of the Arab Muslim Empire.
- 641 King Songtsen Gampo Unifies Tibet
- 642 The Sassanian Shah Yazdigird is defeated by the Arabs at the Battle of Nahavand.
- 642 - 51 The collapse of the Sassanian Empire under the pressure of Arab raids.
- 650 The Khazars defeat the Alans and Bulgars, resulting in their domination of the Caucasus and the Volga region.
- 651 the Tang annex the Western Khanate
- 652 The Arabs first capture Khurasan.
- 659 Chinese forces penetrate into Transoxiana (Western Turkic Khanate).
- 661 The establishment of the Arabic Umayyad Caliphate in Damascus and the origin of the Sunni-Shi'ite split in Islam.
- 667 The Arabs defeat Peroz, the last Sassanian shah, and first cross the Oxus River(Amu Darya).
- 673 -704 Arab raids across the Oxus in an attempt to capture Bukhara and Soghd.
- 682/83 The revolt of the Turks against the Chinese and the re-establishment of the Turkic Khanate in Mongolia.
- 686 the mongolian Kitan from Manchuria raid China
- 689 The Arab occupation of Termez.
- 691 The reestablishment of the Eastern Turkic Khanate in the Tarim Basin. |
- 704 - 54 Tride Tsuktsän
- 756 - 97 or 804 Trisong Detsän
- 797 - 99 Muné Tsenpo |
- 705 The Arabs, under Qutayba ibn Muslim, launch a holy war against Transoxiana from Merv.
- 709 The Arabs capture Bukhara and Samarkand.
- 711 The Arabs capture Khiva.
- 712 The Arabs subdue Khwarezm and recapture Samarkand.
- 713 The Arabs sack Kashgar.
- 714 The Chinese, under emperor T'ai-tsong, defeat the Turks at Lake Issuk-kul.
- 715 The end of the Arab conquest of Transoxiana as a result of the death of Qutaiba.
- 728 Arab attempt to forcibly convert Transoxiana to Islam, resulting in general revolt.
| - 732 - 804 Padmasambhava inventor of Tibetan Buddhism |
- 744 the Chinese Tang dismantle the Turk empire
- The turkic-speaking Uigurs, thanks to their alliance with the Tang, conquer the Eastern Khanate and expand from Lake Balkash to Lake Baykal, with capital in Kara-Balgasun (first turkic alphabet)
- The Uighurs defeat the Turks in Mongolia and establish the Uighur Empire.
- 745 the turkic-speaking Uigur empire is founded in Mongolia
- 748 The Chinese invade the Ferghana Valley.
- 749 The Abbasids seize the Caliphate from the Umayyads and subsequently transfer the capital to Baghdad.
- 750's Semirechye and the eastern Syr Darya come under the rule of the Qarluqs while the western Syr Darya comes under the rule of the Oghuz (Ghuzz).
- 751 The Arabs defeat the Chinese at the Battle of the Talas River.
- 755 - 804 Trisong Detsäns reign. First Emperor of Tibet
- 759 - 80 The Uighurs convert to Manichaeism under Khan Mei-yu
- 774 Padmasambhava enters Tibet |
- 799 - 815 Tride Songtsän
- 815 - 838 Tritsu Detsen
- 838 - 842 Langdarma |
- 820 The rise of the Tahirid Emirate in Khurasan, extending into Transoxiana.
- 840 The Kirghiz replace the Uighurs in Mongolia, who flee to Turfan to establish the Uighur Kingdom.
- 846 the Kirghiz drive the Uighurs west to the Tarim Basin
- 867 - 69 The rise of the Saffarid dynasty (Shi'ite) in Persia.
- 875 The Persian Samanid dynasty (Sunni) obtains the administration of Transoxiana, with its capital in Bukhara, from the Caliph. |
- 900 The Samanids overthrow the Saffarids, thus extending their rule into all of Persia.
- 906 The end of the Tang dynasty in China.
- 924 The Mongol Khitans defeat the Kirghiz.
- 925 the mongolian Kitan expand towards eastern Mongolia (driving away the kyrgiz), most of Manchuria (their homeland, where they ruled over the Jurchen), and most of northern China, and establish the Liao dynasty
- 932 The Turkic Qarakhanid dynasty is established, with its initial center in Kashgar.
- 950's The conversion of the Qarakhanids and Uighurs from Buddhism to Islam under Satuq Bughra Khan (d.955).
- 962 The Turkic Ghaznavid dynasty is established in Afghanistan.
- 965 The Kievan ruler Svyatoslav crushes Khazar political power in the Russian steppe region.
- 985 The Seljuq Turks, a ruling tribe of the Oghuz, move to the vicinity of Bukhara.
- 986 The Russians, in search of a religion, contact Muslim missionaries from Khwarezm, but decide not to adopt Islam.
- 988 The conversion of the Russians to Orthodox Christianity.
- 990 The pro-Shi'ite Persian Buwayhids end the political power of the Abbasid Caliphate by seizing control of Iraq and much of Iran.
- 999 The Ghaznavids defeat the Samanids in Khurasan and the Qarakhanids capture Bukhara, the Samanid capital. |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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The Americas |
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Late Classic Maya 600 - 900 |
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- 500 The Maya city of Tikal becomes the first great Maya city, as citizens from Teotihuacan make their way to Tikal, introducing new ideas involving weaponry, captives, ritual practices and human sacrifice.
- 486 – 508 Chak Tok Ich'aak II,
- 511 – 27 Kaloomte' B'alam Lady of Tikal, Curl Head
- ? Bird Claw Lady of Tikal, Animal Skull I
- 537 – 62 Wak Chan K'awiil, Double Bird |
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- 593 – 628 Animal Skull
- 628 – 50 K'inich Muwaan Jol II
- 650 – 79 Nuun Ujol Chaak, Shield Skull, Nun Bak Chak |
- 600 An unknown event destroys the civilization at Teotihuacan, along with the empire it supported. Tikal becomes the largest city-state in Mesoamerica, with as many as 500,000 inhabitants within the city and its hinterland.
- 683 The Emperor Pacal dies at the age of 80 and is buried in the Temple of the Inscriptions at Palenque. |
- 682 – 734 Jasaw Chan K'awiil I
- 734 – 66 Yik'in Chan K'awiil, Ruler B, Yaxkin Caan Chac, Sun Sky Rain
- 766 – 68 Ruler 28
- 768 – 94 Yax Nuun Ayiin II |
- 738 when Uaxaclajuun Ub'aah K'awiil, one of the greatest kings in Copán's dynastic history, was captured and executed by his former vassal, the king of Quiriguá
- 751 Long-standing Maya alliances begin to break down. Trade between Maya city-states declines, and inter-state conflict increases. |
- 800 Nuun Ujol K'inich
- ? - 810+ Dark Sun
- 849+ Jewel K'awiil
- 869+ Jasaw Chan K'awiil II |
- 869 Construction ceases in Tikal, marking the beginning of the city's decline.
- 875 - 900 Uxmal dominant
- 899 Tikal is abandoned.
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- 900 The Classic Period of Maya history ends, with the collapse of the southern lowland cities. Maya cities in the northern Yucatan continue to thrive.
- 987 Topiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl, Toltec King, moves to Chitzen Itza |
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600's |
700's |
800's |
900's |
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Africa |
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Ghana 900 - 1240 |
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Aksumite 400 - 700 |
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Extensive slave trade from sub-Saharan Africa to Mediterranean 600 - 1500 |
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- 868 - 905 Tulunid dynasty in Egypt |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Technology |
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- 79 Codex (book)
- Book binding |
- 105 Cai Lun invents paper in China
- First star chart Ptolemy
- 114 Trajan's Column built. 140 feet high.
- 121 Adrian's Wall was built from the Rhine River to the Danube River.
- 131 - 216 Claudius Galenus, (Galen) Greek Physician was born. Wrote 500 books on Medicine and 250 on other subjects.
- 132 Seismeter in China
- 192 Septimius Severus bult a wall at York |
- 200 Camels first used for trans-Saharan transport
- First glasses in Syria
- Compass in China
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- Stirrup China
- Heavy Plow in Slavia
- Anglo Saxon Futhoric alphabet in England
- Armenian Alphabet
- 476 Odoacer overthrows Romulus Augustulus. End of Roman Empire. The "Middle Ages" began and the rise of the feudal system. There was a Feudal Alliance between Odoacer, king of the Western Empire and Euric. Euric formally resigned his provinces and received them again as fiefs of Rome.
- 493 The Ostrogoths invaded the Western Empire under Theodoric the Great. One third of the lands were given to his 500,000 troops. He married Clovis' sister. The Roman or Western Empire came under the Ostrogothic monarchy of Italy with capitals at Ravenna and Verona.
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Religion |
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Christian Persecutions 64 - 275 |
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Age of Pisces 100 BC - 2680 |
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5000 year long Mayan age |
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Jesus Christ 6 BC - 33
- The Passion of the Christ 2004
- Jesus of Nazareth 1977
- Jesus 1979
- King of Kings 1961
- Mary and Joseph 1979
- The Greatest Story Ever Told 1965
- Barabbas 1961
- The Robe 1953 |
- 30 - 67 Peter 37 years
- 64 - 67 Linus 3
- 77 - 88 Anacletus 11
- 88 - 97 Clement I 11 |
| - 52 - 96 New Testament written. Eight authors wrote twenty-seven books |
| - 64 - 68 First Persecution by Nero began |
| - 81 Second Persecution by Domitian |
- 95 apostle John banished to Patmos. |
| - 106 - 107 Third Persecution by Trajan |
- 137 Christmas began to be observed.
| - 150 - 250 Modalism (Monarchianism) –Sabellius, Praxeus, Noetus, Paul of Samosata |
| - 162 - 177 Fourth Persecution by Marcus Aurelius |
- 178 Christian missionaries preached in Britain with success.
- 179 Lucius, the first Christian king, ruled in Britain. He founded the Archbishopric of York |
- 199 - 217 Zephyrinus 18 years
- 217 - 23 Callixtus I 6 years
- 223 - 30 Urban I 7 years
- 230 - 35 Pontian 5 years
- 235 - 36 Anterus 1 years
- 236 - 50 Fabian 14 years
- 251 - 53 Cornelius 2 years
- 253 - 54 Lucius I 1 year
- 254 - 57 Stephen I 3 years
- 257 - 58 Sixtus II 1 year
- 259 - 68 Dionysus 9 years
- 269 - 74 Felix I 5 years
- 275 - 83 Eutychian 8 years
- 283 - 96 Caius 13 years
- 296 - 304 Marcellinus 8 years |
| - 200 - 11 Fifth Persecution by Severus |
| - 235 - 7 Sixth Persecution by Maximus |
- 245 Seven missionaries enter Gaul.
| - 250 - 53 Seventh Persecution by
Decius who proposed to extirpate Christianity from the earth by sword and fire, wild beasts, the wheel, red-hot iron chairs, and every variety of torture. |
| - 257 - 60 Eighth Persecution |
| - 275 Ninth Persecution by Aurelian. |
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- 308 - 09 Marcellus I 1 years
- 309 - 10 Eusebius 1 years
- 311 - 14 Miltiades 3 years
- 314 - 35 Sylvester I 21 years
- 336 Mark 1 year
- 337 - 52 Julius I 15 years
- 352 - 66 Liberius 14 years
- 366 - 84 Damascus 18 years
- 384 - 99 Siricius 15 years
- 399 - 401 Anastasius I 2 years |
- 300 Kingdom of Axum (Ethiopia) accepts Christianity
- 313 Constantine's conversion came by a vision of a luminous cross in the sky.
- 325 After being persecuted for almost 200 years Constantine made the Church becomes a legal religion, compromise begins to enter.
- First Christian Bible
- Kama Sutra
| - 325 Council of Nicea. First Ecumenical Council held. It was called by Constantine, Emperor of Rome, and held at Nice, Bithynia. 318 Bishops and 2,048 Ecclesiastics. The "Nicene Creed" was formed at this council. |
- 340 Pachomius draws up code of monastic behavior in Luxor, Egypt.
- 361 Julian ruled Rome. He publicly abandoned Christianity and adopted paganism.
| - 381 Second Council was held at Constantinople from May to July. Three hundred fifty Bishops attended. |
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- 401 - 17 Innocent I 16 years
- 417 - 18 Zosimus 1 year
- 418 - 22 Boniface I 4 years
- 422 - 32 Celestine I 10 years
- 432 - 40 Sixtus III 8 years
- 440 - 61 Leo I 21 years
- 461 - 68 Hilarius 7 years
- 468 - 83 Simplicius 15 years
- 483 - 92 Felix III 9 years
- 492 - 96 Gelasius I 4 years
- 496 - 98 Anastasius II 2 years |
| - 431 Third Council held at Ephesus. |
| - 451 Fourth Council held at Chalcedon. |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Empires |
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100 B.C. - 500 A.D.
The practice of sacrificing/executing people in bogs is carried out regularly in Scandinavia, especially Denmark. |
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Chinese Empire 221 - 1912 |
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Early Byzantine Empire 330 - 843 |
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Sassanian Empire 224 - 651 |
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Late Preclassic Maya 300 B.C. - A.D. 250 |
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Early Classic Maya 250 - 600 |
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Teotihuacano Empire 300 - 600/700 |
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Gupta Empire 320 - 550 |
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Aksumite 400 - 700 |
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Byzantine Empire 323 - 1453 |
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Roman Empire 27 - 476 |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Mediterranean |
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Roman Empire 27 - 476 |
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Pliny the Younger
61 - 112 |
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Early Byzantine Empire
330 - 843 |
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Christian Persecutions 64 - 311 |
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Julio - Claudians
27 - 68 |
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5 Good Emperors
96 - 180 |
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Severan Dynasty
192 - 235 |
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Constantinian Dynasty
284 - 363 |
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Valentinian Dnsy
364 - 92 |
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Theodosian Dnsy
379 - 457 |
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Last Emp of West
455 - 76 |
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- 23 - 79 Pliny the Elder |
Julio - Claudian Dynasty
30 BC - 68
- 27 BC - 14 Augustus.
- 14 - 37 Tiberius.
- 37 - 41 Caligula.
- 41 - 68 Claudian Emperors.
- 41 - 54 Claudius.
- 54 - 68 Nero.
- 68 - 9 Galba.
- 69 Otho
- 69 - 96 Flavian Emperors.
- 69 - 79 Vespasian.
- 79 Eruption of Mt. Vesuivius.
- 79 - 81 Titus.
- 81 - 96 Domitian.
- 96 - 108 Nerva.
- Imperium: Augustus 2003
- Empire 2005 -- rise of Octavius (Augustus)
- Caligula 1980
- I, Claudius 1976
- Imperium: Nerone (Nero) 2004
- Quo Vadis 1951
- Sign of the Cross 1932 |
- 32 John the Baptist beheaded.
- 33 Jesus Christ crucified.
- 61 - 112 Pliny the Younger |
| - 64 - 68 First Persecution by Nero began |
- 68 Apostle Paul martyred.
- Peter and Paul 1981
- 70 Titus took Jerusalem with 60,000. 1,100,000 perished. Men crucified until wood for crosses no longer found.
- Masada 1981
Mt. Vesuvius blows 70
- Last Days of Pompeii 1984 1935
- Ultimi giorni di Pompei, Gli 1960 |
- 79 Destruction of Jerusalem.
| - 81 Second Persecution by Domitian |
- 95 Apostle John banished to Patmos.
- 98 Roman Empire at greatest extent.
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5 Good Emperors
96 - 180
- 96 - 108 Nerva.
- 98 - 117 Trajan. Limit of Empire reached.
- 117 - 38 Hadrian. Rebuilt Jerusalem, placing the Temple of Jupiter on the site of Solomon's Temple. He also visited Britain.
- 138 - 61 Antoninus Pius.
- 161 - 80 Marcus Aurelius |
| - 106 - 107 Third Persecution by Trajan |
- 114 Trajan's Column built. 140 feet high.
- 121 Hadrian's Wall built from Rhine to Danube Rivers.
- 131 - 216 Claudius Galenus, (Galen) Greek Physician was born. Wrote 500 books on Medicine and 250 on other subjects.
- 137 The festival of Christmas began to be observed.
| - 162 Fourth Persecution by Marcus Aurelius |
Commodus 180 - 192
He was known as profligate and cruel. In his reign civilization, morals and religion declined. Pertinax proposed reforms and was murdered by the Praetorian Guards, of whom Julianus bought the throne.
- Fall of the Roman Empire 1964
- Gladiator 2000 |
- 183 - 213 Oppian, a Greek poet. Wrote 5 books on fishing and 4 books on hunting.
- 192 - 210 Septimius Severus Emperor 18 years. "Brave man." Visited Britain and built a wall at York and died there. |
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| - 200 Fifth Persecution by Severus |
- 212 - 18 Caracalla Emperer 6 years.
- 217 Marcus was Emperor of Rome 1 year.
- 218 Helogabalus Emperor 4 years. "Wanton, extravagant, depraved, and horribly cruel."
- 222 - 35 Alexander Severus Emperor 13 years. Made reforms. Murdered.
- 235 - 37 Maximinus Emperor two years. |
| - 235 Sixth Persecution by Maximus |
- 238 Gordian III Emperor 6 years.
- 244 - 49 Philip Emperor 5 years.
- 249 - 51 Decius Emperor 2 years. |
- 249 Gothic invasion in the reign of Decius.
| - 250 - 53 Seventh Persecution by
Decius who proposed to extirpate Christianity from the earth by sword and fire, wild beasts, the wheel, red-hot iron chairs, and every variety of torture. |
- 251 Romans defeated at "Abrutum." Decius and sons slain by Goths, led by Ostrogotha.
- 253 Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, ruler of Persia, and flayed.
- 253 Gallus Emperor .
- Aemilius Emperor 3 months
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- 255 Empire greatly distressed. Barbarians invad on all sides.
- 257 - 64 Valerian Emperor 7 years. |
| - 257 - 60 Eighth Persecution |
- 260 - 75 Gallienus Emperor for 15 years. |
- 263 Vast hordes of the Heruli traversed Italy.
- 268 - 70 Claudius Emperor 2 years.
- 270 - 75 Aurelian Emperor 5 years.
- Nel Segno di Roma (Sign of the Gladiator) 1959 |
| - 275 Ninth Persecution by Aurelian. |
- 275 - 76 Tacitus Emperor 6 months and was murdered.
- 276 Florianus Emperor 3 months and was murdered.
- 276 - 82 Probus emperor 6 years.
- 282 - 84 Carus Emperor 2 years.
- 284 - 305 Diocletian Emperor 21 years.
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- 305 - 06 I Chlorus Constantius emperor
- 305 - 11 Galerius Junior Co-Emperor six years.
- 306 - 07 Flavius Valerus Severus Junior Co-Emperor 1 year.
- 306 - 12 Maxentius West Emperor six years.
- 311 - 13 Maximinus Daia Co West Emperor two years.
- 308 - 24 Licinius Emperor 16 years.
- 306 - 337 Constantine the Great. First "Christian" Emperor. Made Constantinople the capital of Rome.
- Constantine and the Cross 1962 |
- 302 - 11 Tenth Persecution. "Era of the Martyrs" Or the "Diocletian Era." Last and worst of Imperial Rome's persecutions. |
- 312 Edict of Milan.
- 313 Constantine's conversion came by a vision of a luminous cross in the sky.
| - 325 Council of Nicea. First Ecumenical Council held. It was called by Constantine, Emperor of Rome, and held at Nice, Bithynia. |
- 331 Heathen temples in Rome were destroyed.
- 337 Three emperors ruled Rome. Constantine II, Constans, Constantius II.
- 350 Vetranio Emperor 9 months. |
- 354 - 430 Saint Augustine
- Agostino d'Ippona 1972 Italian
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- 360 - 63 Julian 3 years. Publicly abandoned Christianity and adopted paganism.
- 363 - 64 Jovianus seven months.
- 364 - 75 Valentinian I and son Cratian 11 years.
- 364 - 78 Valens Eastern 14 years.
- 367 - 83 Gratian 16 years.
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- 370 The Huns invade Europe from the Central Asian steppe.
- 374 Terrible invasion of the Huns.
- 375 - 92 Valentinian II became ruler of the Western Empire of Rome.
- 379 - 95 Theodosius I became ruler of the Eastern Empire of Rome. He began a 4-year campaign against the Goths. Theodosius pulled down the statues of the heathen gods.
- 383 - 408 Arcadius Emperor 25 years.
- 393 - 423 Honorius Emperor 30 years. |
| - 381 Second Council was held at Constantinople from May to July. Three hundred fifty Bishops attended. |
- 395 Theodosius officially divided the Roman Empire into the Greek or Eastern Empire with the capital at Constantinople, and the Roman or Western Empire with capitals at Milan and Ravenna. The "Eastern" or "Byzantine" Empire lasted 1058 years, from 395 A.D. to 1453 A.D. and was ruled by about 90 emperors.
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Attila the Hun 405 - 453
- Attila 1954 2001
- Sign of the Pagan 1954 |
- 406 Visogothic Spain emerged under Pharamond the chief of the Frank Tribes.
- 408 - 50 Theodosius II Emperor 42 years.
- 421 Constantius III 1 year
- 423 - 25 Joannes 2 years
- 424 - 55 Valentinian III 31 years
- 450 - 57 Marcian 7 years
- 455 Petronius Maximus 1 year
- 455 - 56 Avitus 1 year
- 457 - 61 Majorian 4 years
- 461 - 64 Libius Severus 3 years
- 467 - 72 Anthemius 5 years
- 472 Olybrius 1 year
- 473 - 74 Glycerius 1 year
- 474 - 75 & 80 Julius Nepos 2 years
- 475 - 76 Romulus Agustulus 1 year
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- 457 - 74 Leo I 17 years
- 474 Leo II 1 year
- 474 - 75 & 76 - 91 Zeno 1 & 15 years
- 475 - 76 Basiliscus 2 years
- 491 - 518 Anastasius I 27 years
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- 409 Belgium revolted from Rome and all Germany was in motion for independence.
- 410 Alaric and Goths were in Rome. The "Vandal Hordes" of the north pour down upon falling Rome.
- 426 There was a total withdrawal of Romans soldiers from Britain when the Picts and Scots invaded from the north. The Saxons were invited over to assist in expelling them and gradually took possession of the country. The Saxon Heptarchy was formed, and existed until Egbert formed the kingdom of England in
| - 431 Third Council held at Ephesus. |
- 432 St. Patrick arrived in Ireland.
- 433 The immense empire of the Huns, under Attila and Bleda, ravaged Europe, sacking and pillaging over 70 cities.
| - 451 Fourth Council held at Chalcedon. |
- Attila invades the Roman empire
- 476 Odoacer overthrows Romulus Augustulus. End of Roman Empire. The "Middle Ages" began and the rise of the feudal system. There was a Feudal Alliance between Odoacer, king of the Western Empire and Euric. Euric formally resigned his provinces and received them again as fiefs of Rome.
- 493 Ostrogoths invaded the Western Empire under Theodoric the Great. One third of the lands were given to his 500,000 troops. He married Clovis' sister. The Roman or Western Empire came under the Ostrogothic monarchy of Italy with capitals at Ravenna and Verona.
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100's |
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North Europe |
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100 B.C. - 500 A.D.
The practice of sacrificing/executing people in bogs is carried out regularly in Scandinavia, especially Denmark. |
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- 9 Hermann (Arminius) defeats the Romans at the battle of the Teutoberger Wald.
- 50 The first surviving artifact with runes on it, the Meldorf Brooch, is made in Denmark.
- 98 Tacitus writes the Germania, the earliest account of the culture of the Germanic peoples.
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- 121 Adrian's Wall was built from the Rhine River to the Danube River.
- 140 Ashcled (Dublin, Ireland) was built.
- 179 Lucius, the first Christian king, ruled in Britain. He founded the Archbishopric of York
- 183 The Scots invaded Britain
- 190 The Vandal Tribes increased in power and number.
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- 245 Seven missionaries enter Gaul.
- 250 Gothic invasion in the reign of Decius.
- 251 The Romans were defeated at "Abrutum." Decius and his sons were slain by the Goths, led by Ostrogotha. |
| - 325 - 400 The Goths are converted to Arian Christianity. |
- 373 - 493 St. Patrick
- St. Patrick: The Irish Legend 2000 |
- 378 The Goths defeat the Romans in the East at the Battle of Adrianople. |
Attila the Hun 405 - 453
- Attila 1954 2001
- Sign of the Pagan 1954 |
- 406 - 07 A coalition of Germanic tribes cross the Rhine into Roman territories and take land for settlement.
- 409 Belgium revolted from Rome and all Germany was in motion for independence.
- 410 Alaric and Goths were in Rome. The "Vandal Hordes" of the north pour down upon falling Rome.
- 426 There was a total withdrawal of Romans soldiers from Britain when the Picts and Scots invaded from the north. The Saxons were invited over to assist in expelling them and gradually took possession of the country. The Saxon Heptarchy was formed, and existed until Egbert formed the kingdom of England in
- 427 The country was called Britain and the people were called Britons.
- 432 St. Patrick arrived in Ireland.
- 433 The immense empire of the Huns, under Attila and Bleda, ravaged Europe, sacking and pillaging over 70 cities.
- 436 The Huns, encouraged by the Roman Emperor Aetius, overrun the East Germanic kingdom of the Burgundians on the Rhine, killing King Gundahari (the historical antecedent for Gunther/Gunnar of the Nibelungenlied / Volsunga saga).
- 449 Hengest and Horsa begin the Anglo-Saxon conquest of Britain.
- The Viking Queen 1967
- 450 The West Germanic tribes living around the North Sea (Angles, Saxons, and Frisians) begin to add runes to the Elder Futhark to deal with sound changes in their dialects, creating the Anglo-Frisian Futhork.
| - 493 - 526 King Theodoric the Great, later a prominent hero in Germanic tales, rules in Rome until his death. |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Middle East |
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Sassanian Empire 224 - 651 |
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- 6 BC - 33 John the Babtist
- Salome 1953
Jesus Christ 6 BC - 33
- The Passion of the Christ 2004
- Jesus 1979
- Mary and Joseph 1979
- Jesus of Nazareth 1977
- The Greatest Story Ever Told 1965
- King of Kings 1961
- Barabbas 1961
- Ben-Hur 1959
- The Robe 1953 |
- 6 Archelaus Coponius became Procurator of the Jews.
- 9 Ambivius became Procurator of the Jews.
- 13 Annius Rufus became Procurator of the Jews.
- 15 Valerius Gratus became Procurator of the Jews.
- 25 Pontius Pilate became Procurator of the Jews.
- 37 Agrippa became King of the Jews.
- 44 Cuspius became Procurator of the Jews.
- Tiberius became Procurator of the Jews.
- Cumanus became Procurator of the Jews.
- 50 First Council of the Apostles held at Jerusalem.
- 52 Felix became the ruler of the Jews. The New Testament began.
- 60 Portins Festus became the ruler of the Jews.
- 70 Titus took Jerusalem with an army of 60,000. This was the most horrible suffering experienced since the world began. One million, one hundred thousand perished. Men were crucified until wood for crosses was no longer found.
- 95 The apostle John was banished to Patmos. |
- 100 Justin the Martyr was born at Sychar in Samaria.
- 117 Adrian became Emperor of Rome. He rebuilt Jerusalem, placing the Temple of Jupiter on the site of Solomon's Temple. He also visited Britain. |
- 224 - 41 Ardashir I
- 241 - 72 Shapur I
- 272 - 3 Hormizd I
- 273 - 6 Bahram I
- 276 - 93 Bahram II
- 293 Bahram III
- 293 - 302 Narseh |
- 220 Persia revolted and overthrew Parthia.
- 240 Sapor became ruler of Persia. He defeated the Romans and flayed Valerian. |
- 302 - 9 Hormizd II
- 309 - 79 Shapur II
- 379 - 83 Ardashir II
- 383 - 8 Shapur III
- 388 - 99 Bahram IV
- 399 - 420 Yazdgard I
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- 420 - 38 Bahram V
- 438 - 57 Yazdgard II
- 457 - 59 Hormizd III
- 459 - 84 Peroz
- 484 - 8 Balash
- 488 - 97 Kavad I
- 497 - 9 Zamasp |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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East Asia |
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Gupta Empire 320 - 550 |
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Northern Dynasties
386 - 588 |
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W
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Southern Dnsts
420 - 588 |
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- 48 the Chinese drove the Hsiung-nu out of China
- The Hsiung-nu Empire dissolves.
- 97 Chinese armies reach the Caspian Sea. |
- 105 Cai Lun invents paper
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- 210 Burial of the Terracotta Army
- 220 The end of the Han dynasty in China.
- 221 Start of construction of the Great Wall
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| - 265 - 420 Jin Dynasties
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| - 304 - 439 16 Kingdoms (16 States) |
Indonesia - Buddhist and Hindu influences via trading states.
Cambodia -Late Iron Age chiefdoms. "Funan" (Mekong delta). Angkor Borei, Oc Eo. Trade links with Rome, Ancient Near East, India, China
Vietnam - Chinese (N)
Champa (S) |
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Southern & Northern Dynasties
Southern Dynasties
420 - 588
- 420 - 78 Lui Song
- 479 - 501 Southern Qi
- 502 - 56 Liang
- 557 - 88 Chen |
Northern Dynasties
386 - 588
- 386 - 533 Northern Wei
- 534 - 49 Eastern Wei
- 535 - 57 Western Wei
- 550 - 77 Northern Qi
- 557 - 88 Northern Zhou |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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Central Asia |
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- 48 the Chinese drove the Hsiung-nu out of China
- The Hsiung-nu Empire dissolves.
- 50 Kujula Kadphises unites the Yüeh-chih to establish the Kushan Empire, stretching from Persia to Transoxiana to the Upper Indus.
- The Xianbei (mounted archers) invade north China
| - 78 - 144 The reign of King Kanishka over the Kushan Empire (territory extended to include the Tarim Basin), with Buddhism as the dominant religion. |
- 97 Chinese armies reach the Caspian Sea. |
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- 200's The decline of the Kushan and Parthian Empires and the incorporation of Soghd and Bactria into Persia under the Sassanian dynasty.
- 226 The Sassanians overthrow the Parthians in Persia. |
- 300's The Mongolian Juan-juan Empire is formed in Mongolia.
- 350 the Chinese repelled an invasion by the Ruruan (Juan-Juan), who in turn drove the Hsiung-nu west toward the Ural Mountains and the Caspian Sea
- The turkic-speaking Huns move west towards Europe, settling in the plains between the Ural and the Carpathian mountains
- 370 The Huns invade Europe from the Central Asian steppe.
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- 440 The Hephthalites (White Huns, later known in the West as the Avars) move south from the Altai region to occupy Transoxiana, Bactria, Khurasan, and eastern Persia.
- 450 the mongolian Ruruan (Juan-Juan) empire controlled territories from Manchuria to lake Balkas
- 451 Attila invades the Roman empire
- 460 The Hephthalites conquer the Kushans and invade India. |
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100's |
200's |
300's |
400's |
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The Americas |
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Early Teotihuacan 200 BC - 300 |
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Teotihuacano Empire 300 - 600s/700s |
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Late Preclassic Maya 300 B.C. - A.D. 250 |
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Early Classic Maya 250 - 600 |
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- 50 The Maya city of Cerros is built, with a complex of temples and ball courts. It is abandoned (for reasons unknown) a hundred years later and its people return to fishing and farming.
- 100 Pyramid of the Sun completed at Teotihuacan
- 90 - Yax Ehb' Xook, Yax Moch Xok, Yax Chakte'l Xok, First Scaffold Shark
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- 100 The decline of the Olmecs.
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- 292 Foliated Jaguar
- ? Animal Headdress, Kinich Ehb' |
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- 307 Siyaj Chan K'awiil I,
- 317 Lady Une' B'alam
- ? - 359 K'inich Muwaan Jol I, Mahk'ina Bird Skull, Feather Skull
- 360 - 78 Chak Tok Ich'aak I, Jaguar Paw, Great Paw, Great Jaguar Paw
- 379 – 404 Yax Nuun Ayiin I, Curl Snout, Curl Nose |
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- 400 The Maya highlands fall under the domination of Teotihuacan, and the disintegration of Maya culture and language begins in some parts of the highlands.
- 411 – 56 Siyaj Chan K'awiil II, Stormy Sky, Manikin Cleft Sky
- 458 – 86 Kan Chitam, Kan Boar, K'an Ak
- 486 – 508 Chak Tok Ich'aak II, Jaguar Paw II, Jaguar Paw Skull |
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400's |
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Africa |
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Expansion of Bantu speakers in Africa 200 - 900 |
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Anthony of Egypt 251 - 356 |
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Aksumite 400 - 700 |
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| - 61 Treaty of Samos between Rome and Kush. |
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- 200 Camels first used for trans-Saharan transport
| - 200 - 900 Expansion of Bantu speakers in Africa. |
- 250 Kingdom of Axum (Ethiopia) controls Red Sea trade
| - 251 - 356 Anthony of Egypt reputed father of hermit monasticismc. |
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- 300 Kingdom of Axum (Ethiopia) accepts Christianity
- 340 Pachomius draws up code of monastic behavior in Luxor, Egypt.
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- 450 Rise of Ghana in West Africa |